Table 1.

Prevalence of PCS in various populations

Prevalence of PCS
Normal Population	16% (n = 400; Prichasuk & Subhadrabandhu, 1994), 16% (n = 1027; Riepert et al. 1995), 21% (n = 200; Barrett et al. 1995), 27% (n = 461; Rubin & Witten, 1963)
Heel pain	59% (n = 148; Lapidus & Guidotti, 1965), 66% (n = 82; Prichasuk & Subhadrabandhu, 1994)
Age	55% (> 62, n = 216; Menz et al. 2008), 98% with PCS > 40 (n = 425; Rubin & Witten, 1963), 89.5% aged 41–50 vs. 60% aged 21–40 (OA, n = 168; Bassiouni, 1965)
Weight	46% with PCS overweight (n = 425; Rubin & Witten, 1963), 70% XY, most XX with PCS overweight (n = 37; Duvries, 1957)
Foot pronation	62% with PCS and 81% with symptomatic PCS (n = 1000; Shama et al. 1983)
Arthritides	92% with PCS had osteophytes vs. 23% without PCS (n = 425; Rubin & Witten, 1963)
Ankylosing spondylitis	20% (n = 80; Resnick et al. 1977), 28% (n = 35; Gerster et al. 1977), 29% (n = 38; Mason et al. 1959)
Osteoarthritis	56% (n = 70; Gerster et al. 1977), 80% (n = n = 119; Menz et al. 2008), 81% (n = 168; Bassiouni, 1965)
Psoriatic arthritis	25% (n = 52; Resnick et al. 1977)
Rheumatoid arthritis	22% (n = 282; Bassiouni, 1965), 23% (n = 128; Resnick et al. 1977), 28% (n = 100; Gerster et al. 1977), 43% (n = 81; Mason et al. 1959)
Plantar fasciitis	67% with PCS vs. 2.5% in controls (n = 77; Wainwright et al. 1995), 89% with PCS vs. 32% in controls (n = 19; Johal & Milner, 2012)