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. 2017 May 24;8:570. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00570

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Copyright © 2017 Keller, Freigang and Lünemann.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Potential and already implemented invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) cellular therapeutic approaches. Illustrates different application modes of iNKT-based therapies. (A) Direct administration of iNKT cell agonist αGalCer. This has so far not proven to be efficacious due to long-term anergy and regulatory phenotype of iNKT cells following αGalCer administration. (B) Isolation, purification, in vitro expansion, and re-infusion of peripheral iNKT cells, (C) isolation of PBMCs and subsequent generation of monocyte-derived DCs which, after lipid-pulsing, are re-infused (either alone or in combination with in vitro expanded autologous iNKT cells), (D) novel and future approaches include chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-iNKT cell generation, artificial adjuvant vector cell systems, αGalCer-containing silica microspheres, PLGA polymers, and modified liposomes.