Table 4.
Plasma phospholipid fatty acids at baseline (week 0) and following diets that incorporated the control and modified dairy products (week 12) in adults at moderate cardiovascular disease riska
Control | Modified | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mol% | Baseline | Post | Δ | Baseline | Post | Δ | p b |
SFAs | |||||||
11:0 | 0.0000 ± 0.0008 | 0.0013 ± 0.0008 | 0.0000 ± 0.0011 | 0.0000 ± 0.0011 | 0.0002 ± 0.0000 | 0.0025 ± 0.0010 | 0.35 |
12:0 | 0.0230 ± 0.0018 | 0.0242 ± 0.0015 | 0.0012 ± 0.0019 | 0.0245 ± 0.0000 | 0.0225 ± 0.0000 | 0.0019 ± 0.0016 | 0.22 |
13:0 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.00 ± 0.00 | 0.16 |
14:0 | 0.35 ± 0.01 | 0.42 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.02 | 0.35 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 |
15:0 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 |
16:0 | 30.70 ± 0.16 | 30.86 ± 0.17 | 0.16 ± 0.13 | 30.78 ± 0.13 | 30.32 ± 0.13 | −0.46 ± 0.15 | <0.001 |
17:0 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.38 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.03 |
18:0 | 13.95 ± 0.18 | 13.67 ± 0.14 | −0.29 ± 0.12 | 14.05 ± 0.12 | 13.83 ± 0.12 | −0.22 ± 0.13 | 0.33 |
20:0 | 0.14 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | −0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | −0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.76 |
21:0 | 0.0128 ± 0.0037 | 0.0130 ± 0.0043 | 0.0001 ± 0.0036 | 0.0093 ± 0.0000 | 0.0147 ± 0.0000 | 0.0054 ± 0.0034 | 0.62 |
22:0 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | −0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.69 |
23:0 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.11 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.34 |
24:0 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.01 | 0.24 ± 0.01 | −0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.85 |
Total SFAc | 46.37 ± 0.17 | 46.36 ± 0.13 | 0.01 ± 0.17 | 46.52 ± 0.21 | 45.92 ± 0.15 | −0.60 ± 0.21 | 0.006 |
MUFAs | |||||||
18:1 cis-9 | 9.81 ± 0.15 | 9.98 ± 0.16 | 0.17 ± 0.15 | 9.99 ± 0.15 | 10.93 ± 0.15 | 0.93 ± 0.19 | <0.0001 |
18:1 trans-9 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.17 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
22:1 cis-9 | 0.0202 ± 0.0037 | 0.0206 ± 0.0030 | 0.0004 ± 0.0045 | 0.0182 ± 0.0000 | 0.0201 ± 0.0000 | 0.0000 ± 0.0019 | 0.52 |
Total cis-MUFAd | 11.02 ± 0.16 | 11.24 ± 0.17 | 0.21 ± 0.15 | 11.21 ± 0.18 | 12.20 ± 0.23 | 0.99 ± 0.20 | <0.0001 |
Total trans-MUFAe | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.12 ± 0.00 | 0.01 ± 0.00 | 0.10 ± 0.00 | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | <0.0001 |
PUFAs | |||||||
18:2 n-6 | 22.26 ± 0.42 | 22.40 ± 0.37 | 0.14 ± 0.28 | 22.00 ± 0.28 | 22.29 ± 0.28 | 0.30 ± 0.29 | 0.87 |
18:3 n-6 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.51 |
18:3 n-3 | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.29 ± 0.01 | −0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.58 |
20:3 n-6 | 3.07 ± 0.08 | 3.39 ± 0.11 | 0.32 ± 0.07 | 3.12 ± 0.07 | 3.17 ± 0.07 | 0.06 ± 0.06 | 0.007 |
20:4 n-6 | 9.88 ± 0.27 | 9.53 ± 0.22 | −0.35 ± 0.13 | 9.77 ± 0.13 | 9.41 ± 0.13 | −0.36 ± 0.21 | 0.74 |
20:5 n-3 | 1.27 ± 0.08 | 1.25 ± 0.06 | −0.02 ± 0.07 | 1.24 ± 0.07 | 1.14 ± 0.07 | −0.10 ± 0.07 | 0.14 |
22:5 n-6 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.20 ± 0.01 | 0.00 ± 0.01 | 0.17 |
22:5 n-3 | 0.99 ± 0.03 | 1.02 ± 0.02 | 0.03 ± 0.02 | 1.00 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | −0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.55 |
22:6 n-3 | 3.77 ± 0.16 | 3.39 ± 0.13 | −0.37 ± 0.09 | 3.79 ± 0.09 | 3.44 ± 0.09 | −0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.74 |
Total n-3 PUFAf | 5.35 ± 0.23 | 4.96 ± 0.17 | −0.39 ± 0.14 | 5.34 ± 0.21 | 4.87 ± 0.17 | −0.47 ± 0.14 | 0.58 |
Total n-6 PUFAg | 36.15 ± 0.34 | 36.30 ± 0.27 | 0.15 ± 0.26 | 35.83 ± 0.32 | 35.86 ± 0.33 | 0.03 ± 0.33 | 0.32 |
Where no bond position is listed it is unknown [40]. 20 : 4n-6 + 20 : 3n-3 co-eluted, but as 20 : 3n-3 concentration in human samples is negligible, this peak was identified as 20 : 4n-6 [43]
aValues are given as means ± SEM
bOverall effect of treatment based on change-from-baseline was calculated by mixed model analysis, with adjustments made for fixed effects of baseline values of the assessed variable, period, treatment, age, gender and BMI. Participant was included as a random effect
cTotal SFAs include: 11 : 0, 12 : 0, 13 : 0, 14 : 0, 15 : 0, 16 : 0, 17 : 0, 18 : 0, 20 : 0, 21 : 0, 22 : 0, 23 : 0 and 24 : 0
dTotal cis-MUFAs include: 14 : 1cis, 15 : 1cis, 16 : 1cis, 17 : 1cis, 18 : 1cis-9, 20 : 1cis, 22 : 1cis-9 and 24 : 1cis. Where no bond position is listed it is unknown, as previously outlined in Wang et al. [43]
eTotal trans-MUFAs include: 16 : 1trans (bond position unknown) and 18 : 1trans-9 [43]
fTotal n-3 PUFAs include: 18 : 3n-3, 20 : 5n-3, 22 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3
gTotal n-6 PUFAs include: 18 : 2n-6, 18 : 2trans, 18 : 3n-6, 20 : 2, 20 : 3n-6, 20 : 4n-6 + 20:3n-3, 22 : 4 and 22 : 5n-6