Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis of potential risk factors associated with parasitic infection among children at Dona Berber first cycle primary school in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2015/2016
| Risk factors | Categories | Parasitic infection | Crude OR (CI 95%) | Adjusted OR (CI 95%)# | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive No (%) | Negative No (%) | Total No (%) | ||||
| Family size | Above 6 | 77 (79.4) | 20 (20.6) | 97 (27) | 5.89 (2.69–12.9)** | 3.62 (1.37–9.59)* |
| 6 | 90 (73.2) | 33 (26.8) | 123 (34.3) | 4.17 (2.01–8.66)** | 4.90 (2.03–11.83)** | |
| 5 | 51 (53.1) | 45 (46.9) | 96 (26.7) | 1.73 (0.83–3.60) | 2.79 (1.14–6.85)* | |
| Less than 5 | 17 (39.5)) | 26 (60.5) | 43 (12) | 1.00 | 1.0 | |
| Family monthly income (ETB@) | < 500 | 102 (82.9) | 21 (17.1) | 123 (34.3) | 6.48 (2.42–17.3)** | 1.94 (0.59–6.34) |
| 500–2000 | 124 (57.7) | 91 (42.3) | 215 (59.9) | 1.82 (0.74–4.49) | 1.70 (0.59–4.93) | |
| >2000 | 9 (42.9) | 12 (57.1) | 21 (5.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Father education | Illiterate | 81 (83.5) | 16 (16.5) | 97 (27) | 9.00 (4.09–19.79)** | 1.67 (0.52–5.39) |
| Primary school | 109 (64.5) | 60 (35.5) | 169 (47.1) | 3.23 (1.67–6.24)** | 1.68 (0.66–4.25) | |
| Secondary school | 27 (62.8) | 16 (37.2) | 43 (12) | 3.00 (1.29–6.99)* | 1.23 (0.41–3.69) | |
| Diploma and above | 18 (36) | 32 (64) | 50 (13.9) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Mother education | Illiterate | 137 (77.4) | 40 (22.6) | 177 (49.3) | 9.59 (3.26–28.24)** | 1.88 (0.45–7.84) |
| Primary school | 80 (58) | 58 (42) | 138 (38.4) | 3.86 (1.32–11.32)* | 1.23 (0.32–4.77) | |
| Secondary school | 13 (52) | 12 (48) | 25 (7) | 3.03 (0.84–10.99) | 1.46 (0.33–6.50) | |
| Diploma and above | 5 (26.3) | 14 (73.7) | 19 (5.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Drinking water source | Well water | 56 (88.9) | 7 (11.1) | 63 (17.6) | 5.64 (2.48–12.82)** | 2.84 (1.09–7.45)* |
| River | 20 (80) | 5 (20) | 25 (7) | 2.82 (1.03–7.73) | 1.00 (0.30–3.36) | |
| Tape water | 159 (58.7) | 112 (41.3) | 271 (75.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Hand washing habit | Sometimes | 118 (80.8) | 28 (19.2) | 146 (40.7) | 3.46 (2.11–5.66)** | 2.33 (1.29–4.19)** |
| Always | 117 (54.9) | 96 (45.1) | 213 (59.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Shoe wearing habit | Not at all | 19 (95) | 1 (5) | 20 (5.6) | 16.73 (2.20–127.4)* | 7.80 (0.88–69.39) |
| Sometimes | 107 (79.9) | 27 (20.1) | 134 (37.3) | 3.49 (2.11–5.77)** | 2.85 (1.53–5.32)** | |
| Always | 109 (53.2) | 9646.8) | 205 (57.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Fingernail cleanness | Not clean | 108 (86.4) | 17 (13.6) | 125 (34.8) | 5.35 (3.02–9.49)** | 3.68 (1.87–7.26)** |
| Clean | 127 (54.3) | 107 (45.7) | 234 (65.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Toilet availability | Not available | 60 (89.6) | 7 (10.4) | 67 (18.7) | 0.17 (0.07–0.40)** | 0.74 (0.27–2.04) |
| Available | 175 (59.9) | 117 (40.1 | 292 (81.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Sex of students | Female | 115 (63.2) | 67 (36.8) | 182 (50.7) | 0.82 (0.53–1.26) | - |
| Male | 120 (67.8) | 57 (32.2) | 177 (49.3) | 1.00 | ||
| Age (years) | 7–8 | 70 (68.6) | 32 (31.4) | 102 (28.4) | 1.09 (0.55–2.18) | - |
| 9–10 | 74 (65.5) | 39 (34.5) | 113 (31.5) | 0.95 (0.48–1.86) | - | |
| 11–12 | 53 (60.9) | 34 (39.1) | 87 (24.2) | 0.78 (0.39–1.57) | - | |
| 13–14 | 38 (66.7) | 19 (33.3) | 57 (15.9) | 1.00 | ||
| Grade | 1 | 70 (68.6) | 32 (31.4) | 102 (28.4) | 1.49 (0.81–2.75) | - |
| 2 | 61 (65.6) | 32 (34.4) | 93 (25.9) | 1.29 (0.70–2.41) | - | |
| 3 | 57 (67.1) | 28 (32.9) | 85 (23.7) | 1.39 (0.73–2.62) | - | |
| 4 | 47 (59.5) | 32 (40.5) | 79 (22) | 1.00 | ||
| Religion | Muslim | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 9 (2.5) | 0.78 (0.14–4.39) | - |
| Orthodox | 222 (65.9) | 115 (34.1) | 337 (93.9) | 1.21 (0.39–3.77) | - | |
| Protestant | 8 (61.5) | 5 (38.5) | 13 (3.6) | 1.00 | ||
Not: *= p < 0.05, **= p < 0.01, #= adjusted (multivariate regression model) for family size, family income, drinking water source, shoe wearing habit, finger nail cleanness, hand washing habit before meal, toilet availability, mother and father education, @= Ethiopian birr.