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The hepatic vein waveform obtained in baseline and after volume expansion. (a) The patient who has fluid responsiveness: The S-wave increased with volume expansion. (b) The patient who lack fluid responsiveness: The D-wave increased with volume expansion, and the ΔMHV D, calculated as (38.4 − 17.4)/17.4 × 100% = 121%, far more than 21% as this study shows. MHV: Middle hepatic venous.
