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. 2014 Nov 1;10(10):2875–2884. doi: 10.4161/hv.29594

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© 2014 The Author(s). Crown Copyright

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 2. — Strong innate immunity. Strong Ad induced inflammatory responses result in higher levels of chemokines that in turn recruit APC, NK cells, and CD8 T cells, among other lymphocytes. Recruited NK cells are activated by the cytokine milieu. Activated NK cells, as well as Ad specific CD8 T cells, mediate lysis of Ad transduced APCs leading to lower and shorter transgene expression as well as lower cellular and humoral response against the transgene. Milder inflammatory responses result in lower chemokine levels and lower NK cell recruitment and activation. Concomitantly, lower numbers of Ad specific CD8 T cells are recruited. As a result, Ad transduced APCs are not killed, transgene expression is higher and persists for longer period of time, resulting in higher cellular and humoral response against the transgene.