Table 1.

Pathogens/diseases with zoonotic potential in geese and swans treated in the present review. A large number of additional zoonotic diseases exists in wild geese and swans, but have been omitted because they are rare, extralimital or, according to current knowledge, have limited zoonotic potential.

Viral diseases

Avian paramyxovirus /Newcastle disease

Anatid herpesvirus/duck plague

West Nile virus

Avian influenza virus/AI/AIV

Bacterial diseases

Gastrointestinal

Salmonella

Escherichiacoli

Vibrio cholera

Pasteurella multocida/avian cholera

Campylobacter – Helicobacter

Yersinia

Clostridium botulinum/avian botulism

Brachyspira

Respiratory

Chlamydophila psittaci/chlamydiosis, ornithosis or psittacosis

Systemic

Borrelia/Lyme disease and borreliosis

Antimicrobial resistance

Unicellular endoparasites

Cryptosporidium

Giardia

Microsporidium