Table 3.

Molecular and cellular correlates of immunity [adapted from references 35 and 36]

Immunity	Cytokine	Producer Cells	Receiver Cell	Response
Innate	Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)	Monocytes, macrophages dendritic cells, TH1 cells and others	Endothelial, Macrophages Neutrophils, Hepatocytes, Fibroblasts, Muscle and Fat Cells, Hypothalamus	Production of: chemokine (to induce diapedesis, chemotaxis, and leukocyte recruitment), acute phase protein, interleukin-1 (IL-1), extracellular killing, stimulation of catabolism for energy conversion, fever and sleep
/*Innate	Type I/Interferons	Any virus infected cell IFN-α is produced by T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages. IFN-β is produced by virus-infected cells, fibroblasts, macrophages, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells	All uninfected cells	Production of enzymes capable of degrading mRNA. Induction of MHC-I antigen expression needed for recognition of antigens by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
Adaptive	Type II Interferons	Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is produced by activated TH1 cells, CD8+ cells and NK cells	Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, antigen-presenting cells	Induction of: proinflammatory responses, MHC-I and MHC-II and co-stimulatory molecules by APCs in order to promote cell-mediated immunity, promotes differentiation of T4-lymphocytes into TH1 cells and inhibits TH2 cell proliferation, activates macrophages and increases antimicrobial and tumoricidal activity
Adaptive	Interleukin-2 (IL-2)	T4 and T8-lymphocytes	NK, T and B cells	Acts as a growth factor, increases NK cell killing ability, stimulates antibody synthesis
Innate	Interleukin-6 (IL-6)	T-lymphocytes, macrophages, monocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts	Liver cells, B-lymphocytes, Neutrophils	Proliferation of neutrophils and acute phase protein production
Innate	Interleukin-10 (IL-10)	Macrophages and TH2 cells	Activated macrophages and dendritic cells	Inhibits production of IL-12, co-stimulator and MHC-II molecules, Promotes an anti-inflammatory response
Innate	Interleukin-12 (IL-12)	Macrophages and dendritic cells	T-lymphocytes and natural killer cells	Production of interferon-gamma and induction of killing activity
Innate	Chemokines: IL-8, CCL CXCL, MIP, MCP, GRO, and other molecules	Leukocytes, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts	Leukocytes, white blood cells (WBCs), B and T-lymphocytes, dendritic cells	Leukocyte chemoattraction and regulation of cell movement through the lymph nodes and spleen. Release of killing agents for extracellular killing, ingestion of damaged tissue, increase leukocyte integrin affinity for vascular wall, ligands during diapedesis, regulation of actin polymerization
Adaptive	VCAM/ICAM, CD, MHC	Dendritic cell, antigen presenting cell	Effector T cell	T cell activation, cellular and humoral immunity, tolerance. ICAM/VCAM expressed by endothelial cells and promote leukocyte adhesion to vessel walls during extravasation.