Table. Characteristics of 15 malformed calves infected with Shamonda virus, southern Japan, December 2015-April 2016*.

Characteristic	Calf no.															Total
	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
Gestational age, d	281	275	280	278	285	291	281	280	293	279	290	287	287	276	299	NA
Euthanasia	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	–	9
Stillbirth	–	–	–	+	–	–	–	–	–	+	+	+	–	+	+	6
RT-PCR result	+	–	–	+	+	+	–	–	–	+	–	+	–	–	+	7
Antibody titer	1:8	1:32	1:32	1:64	1:2	1:32	1:32	1:16	1:8	1:16	1:4	1:16	1:16	1:4	1:64	NA
Clinical finding
Torticollis	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	+	–	+	–	+	+	10
Arthrogryposis	–	–	–	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	12
Macroscopic finding
Head deformity
Brachygnathism	+	+	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	+	–	–	4
Asymmetry of skull	+	–	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	+	+	–	–	–	4
LVE	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	+	–	+	–	–	–	2
Cerebellar hypoplasia	–	–	–	–	–	–	+	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Spinal curvature	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	+	11
Muscle discoloration	–	–	–	–	+	+	–	–	+	+	+	–	–	–	–	5
Histopathologic finding
Cerebrum
Calcification of nerve cells	–	+	+	–	+	–	+	–	–	–	–	+	–	–	–	5
Brainstem
Calcification of nerve cells	–	–	+	+	–	+	–	+	–	+	–	+	–	+	+	8
Perivascular infiltration	–	+	–	–	–	+	+	+	+	+	–	–	–	–	–	6
Gliosis	–	–	+	+	–	+	–	–	–	+	–	–	–	+	–	5
Spinal cord
Decrease/disappearance of ventral horn cells	–	–	–	+	–	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	10
Skeletal muscles
Fatty replacement	+	–	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	+	+	+	+	+	+	12
Atrophy	+	–	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	–	+	–	–	+	+	9
Myositis	+	–	+	–	+	+	+	–	+	–	+	–	–	+	+	9

*LVE, lateral ventricular enlargement; NA, not applicable; RT-PCR, reverse transcription PCR; +, positive; –, negative.