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. 2017 Apr 26;147(6):1048–1062. doi: 10.3945/jn.116.244962

TABLE 2.

Study sample characteristics by availability of genetic data: HANDLS study1

Genetic data available
 Genetic data not available
n Value n Value P2
Female, % 788 52.1 482 61.5 0.06
Baseline age, y 788 47.8 ± 0.573 482 46.8 ± 0.66 0.27
Education at first visit, y 788 12.60 ± 0.16 482 12.68 ± 0.23 0.78
Smoking status at first visit, % 788 482 0.68
 Never/former 49.6 47.5
 Current 50.4 52.5
Type 2 diabetes at first visit, % 788 14.3 482 13.9 0.89
Hypertension at first visit, % 788 42.3 482 41.2 0.82
Cardiovascular disease at first visit,4 % 788 14.8 482 9.1 0.05
Dyslipidemia at first visit, % 788 23.9 482 16.6 0.06
BMI at first visit, kg/m2 788 29.6 ± 0.5 482 29.7 ± 0.6 0.90
Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg 768 122.1 ± 1.1 471 118.0 ± 1.2 0.011
Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg 755 77.7 ± 0.8 461 76.1 ± 0.7 0.12
Serum total cholesterol, mg/dL 760 186.5 ± 3.0 425 180.3 ± 3.7 0.19
Serum HDL cholesterol, mg/dL 760 53.7 ± 1.3 424 55.9 ± 2.1 0.37
Fasting plasma glucose, mg/dL 760 104.2 ± 2.3 426 109.6 ± 7.9 0.51
Predicted annual rate of cognitive change between age 50 y and mean age of follow-up5
 MMSE 788 −0.040 ± 0.001 482 −0.039 ± 0.002 0.62
 BVRT 782 +0.195 ± 0.003 468 +0.185 ± 0.003 0.029
 CVLT-List A 680 −0.280 ± 0.001 392 −0.278 ± 0.002 0.20
 CVLT-DFR 662 −0.128 ± 0.001 383 −0.127 ± 0.001 0.44
 VFT-C 797 −0.056 ± 0.002 476 −0.054 ± 0.002 0.63
 Trails A 745 +0.803 ± 0.071 460 +0.769 ± 0.046 0.68
 Trails B 745 +4.480 ± 0.163 460 +4.193 ± 0.192 0.25
 DS-F 782 −0.022 ± 0.001 470 −0.021 ± 0.001 0.31
 DS-B 775 −0.022 ± 0.001 466 −0.018 ± 0.001 0.016
 Cognitive domain 1 648 −0.03 ± 0.07 376 +0.09 ± 0.07 0.24
 Cognitive domain 2 648 −0.07 ± 0.06 376 −0.20 ± 0.05 0.11
1

n = 1024. Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related factors are presented for participants with complete data on those variables as well as complete data on the MMSE LARCC. LARCC measures are presented for eligible participants with complete data on covariates entered into subsequent models as well as complete data on each of the cognitive test scores at either baseline or the follow-up wave. Unreliable data from each cognitive test score were excluded. BVRT, Benton Visual Retention Test; CVLT-DFR, California Verbal Learning Test, Delayed Free Recall; CVLT-List A, California Verbal Learning Test, List A; DS-B, Digit Span Backward; DS-F, Digit Span Forward; HANDLS, Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span; LARCC, longitudinal annual rate of cognitive change; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; Trails A, Trailmaking Test, Part A; Trails B, Trailmaking Test, Part B; VFT-C, Verbal Fluency Test, Categorical.

2

P value for null hypothesis of no difference between those with and those without genetic data. Note that this analysis was conducted in African-American participants with complete baseline covariates, including baseline MMSE scores.

3

Mean ± SE (all such values).

4

Reported any of the following conditions at first visit: stroke, congestive heart failure, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation.

5

Cognitive scores were predicted at the mean age at follow-up before onset of dementia or for all time points by using a linear mixed model controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, education (years), and smoking status, with age added among the fixed-effects variables to allow for quadratic nonlinear change. The slope or annual rate of change was predicted from these models at the mean age at follow-up (i.e., between age 50 y and the individual mean age at follow-up for each cognitive test). By using factor analysis, 2 factor scores were estimated and were labeled as LARCC in the following domains: Domain 1 (“Verbal memory and fluency”) and Domain 2 (“Visual/working memory”) (see Supplemental Methods 2).