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Adsorption mechanism. (A) Adsorption of OSNP to four dyes, including (B) phenol red (PR, pKa = 7.748), (C) methylene blue (MB, pKa = 3.851), (D) rose bengal (RB, pKa = 4.753), and (E) rhodamine B (Rh. B, pKa = 3.752). Positive OSNP (at pH 7) has a high adsorption to negative RB and PR, a low adsorption to zwitterionic Rh. B, and no adsorption to positive MB; while the negative OSNP (at pH 13) has a high adsorption to MB, small adsorption to RB, PR, and Rh. B.
