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. 2017 May 24;7:2353. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02564-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IPS-1^−/− mice exhibit elevated airway remodelling in acute viral infection. (a) Top panel: Number of mucous-producing AECs. Bottom panel: representative micrograph (40x magnification) of Periodic acid–Schiff staining. (b) Top panel: Airway smooth muscle (ASM) area. Bottom panel: representative micrograph (40x magnification) of alpha actin smooth muscle immunostaining. (c) Top panel: Percentage of ASM cells expressing TGFβ. Bottom panel: representative micrograph (40x magnification) of TGFβ immunostaining. Vehicle control mice were sacrificed on day 7 of life (i.e. 0 dpi). Experiments were performed twice with 5 to 7 mice per group. Data are mean and the standard error of the mean. *^,**^,***^,****Denotes significance between WT and IPS-1^−/− infected mice. ^#,##,###Denotes significance between infected and vehicle IPS-1^−/− mice.