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. 2017 May 24;7:2353. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02564-9

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Viral challenge of IPS-1^−/− mice induces a mild Th2 phenotype. (a) Study design, 1 week old neonatal WT or IPS-1^−/− mice were infected with 2 pfu in early life or vehicle diluent and were reinfected with 100 pfu or vehicle diluent 6 weeks post primary infection. Mice were euthanised at 7 days post reinfection. (b) Eosinophil and lymphocyte numbers in BALF. (c) IL-5 protein expression in BALF. (d) IL-13 protein expression in BALF. (e) Left panel: representative micrograph (40x magnification) of HMGB1 immunostaining. Right panel: Cytoplasmic AEC expression of HMGB1. (f) HMGB1 protein expression in BALF. (g) IL-33 protein expression in BALF. Vehicle control mice are denoted as Veh/Veh. Experiments were performed twice with 5 to 7 mice per group. Data are mean and the standard error of the mean. *^,**^,***^,****Denotes significance between WT and IPS-1^−/− infected mice. ^#,##,###Denotes significance between infected and vehicle IPS-1^−/− mice. ^{†,††,†††}Denotes significance between vehicle and infected WT mice. Detection limits are denoted by a red dotted line.