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. 2017 May 24;7:2351. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02555-w

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Histological features of normal and injured cord by hematoxylin erosion (H&E) staining. The normal cord with sham compression showed structural integrity at C5 level (A₂) as well as the adjacent C4 (A₁) and C6 (A₃) level. Butterfly-like gray matter could be clearly identified (A_1–3). Distinguished neural fiber tracts derived from dorsal horn (B_1–3) could be observed; The compressor (hollow arrow) at C5 level expanded its volume, induced compression injury to the cord, and led to notable structural deformation and disorganization (C₂ and D₂). Evident tissue loss and diffuse vacuolization (solid arrow) of the posterior funiculus in white matter were verified at the C5 injury level (D₂). By comparison, the adjacent levels, C4 (C₁, D₁) and C6 (C₃, D₃), with integral and organized structures, which were similar with the normal cord (A_1–3 and B_1–3), showed no distinguishable pathological changes.