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. 2017 May 24;7:2343. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02422-8

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Roles of anti-IL-9 in S. japonicum infection-induced hepatic granulomatous and fibrosing inflammation. Female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups: normal group, infected group and anti-IL-9 group. The infected group and anti-IL-9 group were infected with 40 ± 5 S. japonicum cercariae per mouse. From week 5 post-infection, the control IgG mAb or anti-IL-9 mAb were injected intraperitoneally into the infected group and anti-IL-9 group mice every 3 days, for a total of 6 times, respectively. These mice were sacrificed at 8 weeks post-infection. Mice livers were fixed in paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and then sliced and examined by haematoxylin and eosin staining. (A) The gross appearance of livers from the three groups. (B) Representative photomicrographs are shown at x100 magnification for upper panels and ×200 for lower panels. (C) Sizes of single egg granuloma were measured by computer-assisted morphometric analysis. Only granulomas with a visible central egg were analysed for accuracy. The results are expressed as mean ± SD (6 mice per group); n.s, P > 0.05. (D) Levels of pro-collagen type III (PC-III, left) and hyaluronic acid (HA, right) in the serum of mice were detected by ELISA. The results are expressed as mean ± SD; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. One representative result of 3 to 5 independent results is shown.