Table 1.
Age-related effects on cognitive tests with averages and SD from 12 youngest and 12 oldest participants
| Measure | r | p | Youngest participants (n = 12, ages 19–25 y) | Oldest participants (n = 12, ages 70–85 y) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Beck Anxiety Inventory | −0.33 | 0.010 | 7.25 (5.64) | 2.17 (2.66) | Beck et al., 1988 |
| Beck Depression Index | 0.03 | 0.841 | 3 (3.02) | 2.67 (1.97) | Beck et al., 1961 |
| Geriatric Depression Scale–Short Form | −0.09 | 0.475 | 0.9 (0.99) | 0.25 (0.62) | Sheikh and Yesavage, 1986 |
| Mini-Mental State Exam 2 | −0.37 | 0.003 | 29.5 (0.80) | 28.33 (1.15) | Folstein et al., 2010 |
| Shipley Vocabulary | 0.35 | 0.005 | 33.33 (3.31) | 37.25 (3.44) | Shipley, 1986 |
| Generative Naming | 0.11 | 0.386 | 44.25 (11.27) | 46.33 (12.56) | Spreen and Benton, 1977 |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (Wechsler, 1997a) | |||||
| Digit Symbol Substitution-60 s | −0.51 | 0.000 | 45.42 (7.28) | 33 (6.34) | |
| Digit Symbol Substitution-90 s | −0.51 | 0.000 | 68.92 (9.02) | 52.27 (8.75) | |
| Mental Arithmetic | −0.25 | 0.050 | 16.17 (3.33) | 14.08 (3.15) | |
| Forward Digit Span | −0.26 | 0.040 | 12.42 (2.19) | 10.73 (2.05) | |
| Backward Digit Span | −0.23 | 0.075 | 9.17 (2.48) | 8.42 (2.19) | |
| Wechsler Memory Scale (Wechsler, 1997b) | |||||
| Logical Memory–Immediate | 0.04 | 0.735 | 30.42 (8.04) | 31.25 (5.28) | |
| Logical Memory–Delayed | −0.03 | 0.812 | 32.42 (9.52) | 31.08 (7.50) | |
| Logical Memory–Recognition | 0.06 | 0.636 | 27.33 (2.57) | 27.75 (1.48) | |
| Verbal Pairs–Immediate | −0.24 | 0.056 | 24.42 (6.68) | 21.33 (7.00) | |
| Verbal Pairs–Delayed | −0.14 | 0.267 | 7 (1.60) | 6.5 (2.11) | |
| Visual Pairs–Immediate | −0.22 | 0.084 | 16.75 (1.29) | 13.92 (3.75) | |
| Visual Pairs–Delayed | −0.38 | 0.002 | 6 (0.00) | 5.08 (1.44) | |
| Mental Control | −0.31 | 0.015 | 30.75 (5.08) | 26 (4.75) | |
| CogState Research Battery (Maruff et al., 2009) | |||||
| Set Shifting–Speed | 0.63 | 0.000 | 2.69 (0.19) | 3.22 (0.23) | |
| Set Shifting–Accuracy | −0.39 | 0.002 | 84.9 (6.54) | 74.4 (9.11) | |
| Detection–Speed | 0.38 | 0.003 | 351.1 (87.15) | 536.33 (144.60) | |
| Detection–Accuracy | −0.17 | 0.191 | 107.18 (32.81) | 98.16 (3.87) | |
| Identification–Speed | 0.23 | 0.076 | 465.8 (85.99) | 645.92 (111.95) | |
| Identification–Accuracy | 0.11 | 0.394 | 95.83 (4.93) | 95.78 (4.83) | |
| One Card Learning–Speed | 0.36 | 0.005 | 916.8 (129.78) | 1242.17 (304.74) | |
| One Card Learning–Accuracy | −0.21 | 0.102 | 69.1 (4.14) | 67.36 (12.35) | |
| One-Back–Speed | 0.49 | 0.000 | 672.2 (138) | 1048.92 (224.91) | |
| One-Back–Accuracy | −0.26 | 0.046 | 107.2 (8.93) | 103.58 (12.21) | |
| Two-Back–Speed | −0.13 | 0.320 | 2.87 (0.12) | 3.1 (0.11) | |
| Two-Back–Accuracy | −0.24 | 0.064 | 93.48 (5.03) | 87.29 (7.06) |
All values represent raw, nonstandardized means with SDs in parentheses. Significant age-related differences are bolded.