Table.

Visual impairments and visual functional deficits.

Visual Impairment	Prevalence (%)	Visual Functional Deficits [1,8,16–19,22]
Accommodative Deficits	31–41	Difficulty with reading and writing tasks, diplopia, blurred vision
Vergence Deficits	40–56	Difficulty with reading and writing tasks, diplopia, blurred vision
Strabismus	26–32	Deficits of binocularity, depth perception, and eye movements; potential visual field deficits; double vision; and balance deficits
Pursuit/Saccade Deficits	29	Difficulty with reading and writing tasks, diplopia, blurred vision
Diplopia	19	Blurred vision, balance deficits, nausea, reading deficits, visual motor deficits
Cranial Nerve Palsy	7	Limited eye movements, diplopia, eyelid droop, abnormal pupil (glare issues), balance deficits, nausea, reading deficits
Fixation Deficits	9–13	Difficulty with reading and writing tasks, diplopia, blurred vision
Visual Field Deficits	46 (39 TBI, 67 CVA)	Difficulty with reading and writing tasks, ADL and IADL deficits, mobility deficit
Visual Acuity Deficits	21	Difficulty with reading and writing tasks, difficulty with mobility and navigation, ADL and IADL deficits
Contrast Sensitivity Glare	82	Blurred vision, mobility deficits, ADL and IADL deficits (difficulty recognizing objects and faces)

ADL = activities of daily living, CVA = cerebrovascular accident, IADL = instrumental ADL, TBI = traumatic brain injury.