Table 2.
Exponentiated coefficients and 95% confidence intervals for generalized linear models of psychological distress by measures of cross-border ties and migration-related stressors, National Latino and Asian American Study, 2002/2003
| Puerto Rican (n=211) |
Cuban (n=465) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||||
| Exp (b) | 95% CI | Exp (b) | 95% CI | |||||||||||
| Immigration-related Stressors | ||||||||||||||
| Everyday migration stress | 1.29 | ** | (1.12, 1.49) | 1.20 | * | (1.04, 1.37) | 1.11 | * | (1.01, 1.22) | 1.07 | (0.97, 1.19) | |||
| Legal status stress | 1.19 | ** | (1.06, 1.32) | 1.13 | ** | (1.03, 1.23) | ||||||||
| Family-related stress | 1.08 | (0.93, 1.26) | 0.99 | (0.89, 1.09) | 1.05 | (0.97, 1.14) | 1.02 | (0.96, 1.08) | ||||||
| Cross-border Ties | ||||||||||||||
| Sends remittances | 0.81 | * | (0.68, 0.96) | 0.88 | (0.74, 1.03) | 0.84 | ** | (0.75, 0.94) | 0.87 | ** | (0.79, 0.95) | § | ||
| Difficulty visiting | 1.29 | *** | (1.18, 1.42) | 1.15 | ** | (1.05, 1.26) | § | 1.06 | (0.98, 1.14) | 1.01 | (0.96, 1.06) | |||
| Socio-demographic Factors | ||||||||||||||
| Age, y | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 | ** | (1.00, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | |||||
| Female | 1.06 | (0.89, 1.25) | 0.95 | (0.83, 1.08) | 1.21 | *** | (1.13, 1.29) | 1.19 | *** | (1.12, 1.26) | § | |||
| Less than high school education | 1.22 | * | (1.03, 1.46) | 1.01 | (0.89, 1.15) | 1.23 | *** | (1.11, 1.36) | 1.12 | (0.99, 1.26) | ||||
| Has enough money to meet basic needs | 0.74 | ** | (0.63, 0.87) | 0.83 | * | (0.69, 0.99) | 0.85 | *** | (0.81, 0.89) | 0.94 | (0.88, 1.01) | |||
| Annual household income × $10000 | 0.98 | *** | (0.97, 0.99) | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.00) | 0.98 | *** | (0.97, 0.98) | 0.99 | ** | (0.98, 0.99) | § | ||
| Married | 0.82 | ** | (0.72, 0.94) | 0.88 | (0.77, 1.00) | 0.92 | * | (0.85, 0.99) | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.09) | ||||
| Immigration-related measures | ||||||||||||||
| Twenty years or more in the US | 1.09 | (0.97, 1.22) | 1.05 | (0.91, 1.20) | 1.06 | (0.96, 1.18) | 1.07 | * | (1.01, 1.13) | |||||
| US citizen | 0.98 | (0.88, 1.09) | 0.93 | (0.86, 1.02) | ||||||||||
|
Mexican (n=481) |
Other Latino (n=416) |
|||||||||||||
| Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||||||||
| Exp (b) | 95% CI | Exp (b) | 95% CI | Exp (b) | 95% CI | Exp (b) | 95% CI | |||||||
| Immigration-related Stressors | ||||||||||||||
| Everyday migration stress | 1.06 | (0.98, 1.15) | 1.02 | (0.93, 1.11) | 1.13 | ** | (1.05, 1.23) | 1.05 | (0.96, 1.15) | |||||
| Legal status stress | 1.08 | * | (1.02, 1.15) | 1.09 | ** | (1.03, 1.16) | 1.13 | (0.98, 1.31) | 1.14 | * | (1.00, 1.29) | |||
| Family-related stress | 1.03 | (0.95, 1.10) | 1.02 | (0.92, 1.12) | 1.01 | (0.92, 1.11) | 0.99 | (0.92, 1.07) | ||||||
| Cross-Border Ties | ||||||||||||||
| Sends remittances | 0.94 | ** | (0.91, 0.98) | 0.96 | (0.91, 1.02) | 0.96 | (0.84, 1.10) | 1.00 | (0.88, 1.13) | |||||
| Difficulty visiting | 1.04 | (0.98, 1.11) | 1.01 | (0.95, 1.08) | 1.13 | * | (1.00, 1.26) | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.15) | |||||
| Socio-demographic Factors | ||||||||||||||
| Age, y | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.00) | ||||||
| Female | 1.17 | *** | (1.12, 1.22) | 1.14 | *** | (1.07, 1.21) | § | 1.21 | *** | (1.14, 1.29) | 1.20 | *** | (1.13, 1.28) | § |
| Less than high school education | 1.00 | (0.91, 1.09) | 0.97 | (0.92, 1.04) | 1.15 | (0.99, 1.35) | 1.08 | (0.94, 1.25) | ||||||
| Has enough money to meet basic needs | 0.91 | * | (0.84, 0.98) | 0.91 | * | (0.86, 0.98) | 0.85 | ** | (0.76, 0.94) | 0.92 | (0.84, 1.02) | |||
| Annual household income × $10000 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 0.98 | *** | (0.97, 0.99) | 0.99 | *** | (0.98, 0.99) | § | |||
| Married | 0.90 | ** | (0.84, 0.96) | 0.91 | * | (0.84, 0.99) | 0.95 | (0.86, 1.06) | 1.01 | (0.91, 1.11) | ||||
| Immigration-related measures | ||||||||||||||
| Twenty years or more in the US | 1.01 | (0.90, 1.13) | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.08) | 1.00 | (0.87, 1.15) | 1.04 | (0.95, 1.15) | ||||||
| US citizen | 1.05 | (0.94, 1.17) | 1.08 | (0.99, 1.17) | 0.99 | (0.91, 1.08) | 1.08 | (0.96, 1.20) | ||||||
*
p<0.05,
**
p<0.01,
***
p<0.001,
§
p<0.05 after accounting for multiple testing.
Notes: Adjusted models control for all immigration-related stressors, cross-border ties, socio-demographic factors and immigration-related measures. Legal status fear and citizenship status omitted for Puerto Rican migrants due to very small or zero cell sizes for some values