Table 1.
Demographics
| Healthy weight (N = 54) | Obese (N = 108) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | p | Cohen's d | |
| Estimated full-scale IQ | 105.71 | 12.83 | 103.23 | 11.48 | 0.241 | 0.21 |
| Age (years) | 19.39 | 1.52 | 19.60 | 1.54 | 0.410 | −0.14 |
| Sex (% female) | 53.7 | 63 | 0.257 | |||
| Education (years) | 12.69 | 1.55 | 12.87 | 1.45 | 0.456 | −0.13 |
| Socioeconomic status | 3.42 | 1.05 | 3.11 | 1.23 | 0.120 | 0.26 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.45 | 1.87 | 35.57 | 4.97 | <0.001 | −3.36 |
| HOMA-IR index | 1.45 | 0.71 | 3.69 | 2.23 | <0.001 | −1.20 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 80.76 | 5.76 | 86.87 | 7.4 | <0.001 | −0.89 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL) | 7.33 | 3.68 | 17.14 | 9.64 | <0.001 | −1.20 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 59.87 | 13.34 | 48.43 | 10.31 | <0.001 | 1.00 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 67.33 | 29.36 | 94.58 | 43.68 | <0.001 | −0.32a |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 104.84 | 8.90 | 114.20 | 10.14 | <0.001 | −0.96 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 62.27 | 7.90 | 68.00 | 7.73 | <0.001 | −0.74 |
| Mean arterial blood pressure | 76.46 | 7.33 | 83.40 | 7.56 | <0.001 | −0.93 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 78.47 | 6.20 | 112.15 | 14.62 | <0.001 | −3.43 |
a
Because triglycerides were not normally distributed, a Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare groups, therefore this effect size is an r, not a Cohen's d.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.