Table 1.
Demographics, Endocrine Data, and Key Study Variables
| Variables | Overweight/obese, (n = 112), M ± SD | Lean, (n = 45), M ± SD | p | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 19.67 ± 1.58 | 19.29 ± 1.61 | 0.12 | −0.12 |
| (16.04–22.05) | (16.70–21.96) | |||
| Gender | 68 F/44 M | 26 F/19 M | 0.74 | −0.06 |
| SESa | 3.15 ± 1.22 | 3.40 ± 1.09 | 0.30 | −0.08 |
| Ethnicity (Black/Hispanic/White/Asian & Others) | 38/47/17/10 | 15/15/5/10 | 0.21 | |
| Education (years completed)a | 12.88 ± 1.50 | 12.62 ± 1.68 | 0.27 | −0.09 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 34.80 ± 4.91 | 21.28 ± 1.77 | <0.001 | 3.17 |
| QUICKI | 0.325 ± 0.024 | 0.371 ± 0.027 | <0.001 | −1.82 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.79 ± 0.40 | 4.47 ± 0.30 | <0.001 | 0.87 |
| Fasting insulin (μIU/mL)a | 113.76 ± 67.02 | 48.48 ± 20.21 | <0.001 | −0.62 |
| MABP | 82.935 ± 7.576 | 75.585 ± 6.717 | <0.001 | 1.00 |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 113.98 ± 9.97 | 103.84 ± 8.26 | <0.001 | 1.07 |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 67.41 ± 7.82 | 61.46 ± 7.23 | <0.001 | 0.78 |
| Self-reported sleep apnea scorea | 0.25 ± 0.15 | 0.16 ± 0.12 | 0.001 | −0.27 |
| VO2 maximum (mL/kg/min)a | 31.23 ± 6.22 | 45.32 ± 3.81 | <0.001 | −2.50 |
| 6MWT total distance walked (m) | 553.25 ± 56.86 | 626.54 ± 49.68 | <0.001 | −1.33 |
| 6MWT baseline heart rate (beats/min) | 83.96 ± 11.81 | 78.44 ± 11.99 | 0.01 | 0.47 |
| CRAE (μm)b | 181.31 ± 15.61 | 196.75 ± 21.83 | <0.001 | −1.68 |
| CRVE (μm)b | 290.29 ± 25.13 | 270.10 ± 27.88 | <0.001 | 1.60 |
| Fibrinogen (μmol/L) | 12.60 ± 2.79 | 9.75 ± 2.14 | <0.001 | 1.09 |
| Inflammation composite scorea | 0.652 ± 0.597 | 0.002 ± 0.135 | <0.001 | −0.66 |
| CRP (nmol/L)a | 51.16 ± 47.74 | 5.53 ± 8.93 | <0.001 | −0.63 |
| IFN-γ (pg/mL)a | 3.686 ± 4.718 | 5.188 ± 8.800 | 0.59 | −0.05 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL)a | 3.981 ± 3.715 | 1.654 ± 1.544 | <0.001 | −0.36 |
| Resistin (ng/mL)a | 64274.216 ± 25977.832 | 47924.900 ± 21101.325 | <0.01 | −0.29 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 4.706 ± 1.787 | 3.777 ± 1.924 | 0.02 | 0.51 |
| Adiponectin (ng/mL)a | 22453571.875 ± 14134044.127 | 33529334.218 ± 18426311.510 | 0.001 | −0.33 |
| IL-4 (pg/mL)a | 5.615 ± 8.462 | 7.807 ± 12.396 | 0.20 | −0.13 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL)a | 12.778 ± 18.382 | 12.129 ± 11.580 | 0.86 | −0.02 |
t-tests were used for normally distributed variables (effect sizes were expressed as Cohen's d); otherwise.
a
The Mann–Whitney U test was used (effect sizes were expressed as r).
b
Raw vessel diameter values are presented. Group comparison was evaluated using the CRAE value residualized to CRVE when evaluating CRAE and vice versa.
6MWT, 6-minute walk test; BP, blood pressure; CRAE, central retinal arteriolar equivalent; CRVE, central retinal venular equivalent; IFN-γ, interferon gamma; IL-6, interleukin-6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha; MABP, mean arterial blood pressure; SD, standard deviation.