Table 1. Characteristics of eligible patients by enrollment status.
| Enrolleda | Missed family | Proxies ineligibleb | MD or RN Refused | Family Declined | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 108) | (N = 108) | (N = 51) | (N = 8) | (N = 9) | (N = 284) | |
| Age, Median (IQR) | 58 (48,69) | 56 (45,68) | 52 (44,62) | 62 (23,66) | 55 (51,69) | 56 (45,67) |
| Sex N (%) | ||||||
| Male | 53 (49%) | 54 (50%) | 26 (51%) | 1 (12%) | 5 (56%) | 139 (49%) |
| Race N (%) | ||||||
| Black or African American | 47 (44%) | 59 (55%) | 26 (51%) | 5 (62%) | 4 (44%) | 141 (50%) |
| White | 47 (44%) | 35 (32%) | 12 (24%) | 1 (12%) | 4 (44%) | 99 (35%) |
| Other | 14 (13%) | 14 (13%) | 13 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 1 (11%) | 44 (15%) |
| Location prior to hospitalization N (%) | ||||||
| House/Apt (independent) | 71 (66%) | 78 (72%) | 36 (71%) | 4 (50%) | 8 (89%) | 197 (69%) |
| House/Apt (with assistance) | 28 (26%) | 14 (13%) | 8 (16%) | 3 (38%) | 1 (11%) | 54 (19%) |
| Other | 8 (7%) | 13 (12%) | 6 (12%) | 1 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 28 (10%) |
| Unknown or missing | 1 (1%) | 3 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (2%) |
| Median income of zip code N (%)c | ||||||
| <$40K | 31 (29%) | 42 (39%) | 16 (31%) | 1 (12%) | 3 (33%) | 93 (33%) |
| $40K-$69K | 40 (37%) | 42 (39%) | 25 (49%) | 3 (38%) | 1 (11%) | 111 (39%) |
| $70K-$99K | 20 (19%) | 18 (17%) | 7 (14%) | 4 (50%) | 4 (44%) | 53 (19%) |
| ≥$100K | 16 (15%) | 6 (6%) | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) | 25 (9%) |
| In chart at admission screening N (%) | ||||||
| Advance directive or POA listed in EMR | 6 (6%) | 5 (5%) | 3 (6%) | 1 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 15 (5%) |
| MOLST Form | 5 (5%) | 7 (6%) | 2 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (5%) |
| Code Status after 24 hours in ICU N (%) | ||||||
| Full code | 94 (87%) | 92 (85%) | 47 (92%) | 5 (62%) | 9 (100%) | 247 (87%) |
| Full code with treatment limitations | 6 (6%) | 8 (7%) | 2 (4%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 18 (6%) |
| DNR and DNI | 8 (7%) | 8 (7%) | 2 (4%) | 1 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 19 (7%) |
| Phone numbers for patient contacts recorded in EMR N (%) ***** | ||||||
| Spouse / Girlfriend / Boyfriend | 51 (47%) | 26 (24%) | 9 (18%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (56%) | 91 (32%) |
| Adult child | 36 (33%) | 44 (41%) | 13 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 2 (22%) | 97 (34%) |
| Parent | 19 (18%) | 24 (22%) | 7 (14%) | 3 (38%) | 1 (11%) | 54 (19%) |
| Sibling | 16 (15%) | 14 (13%) | 8 (16%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) | 39 (14%) |
| Other | 10 (9%) | 15 (14%) | 8 (16%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 33 (12%) |
| Unknown or not reported | 16 (15%) | 22 (20%) | 16 (31%) | 4 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 58 (20%) |
| Admission diagnosis, N (%) | ||||||
| Respiratory failure | 47 (44%) | 49 (45%) | 16 (31%) | 4 (50%) | 2 (22%) | 118 (42%) |
| Sepsis | 23 (21%) | 16 (15%) | 3 (6%) | 2 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 44 (15%) |
| Gastrointestinal | 10 (9%) | 13 (12%) | 12 (24%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (11%) | 36 (13%) |
| Cardiovascular | 6 (6%) | 11 (10%) | 5 (10%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (22%) | 24 (8%) |
| Other | 22 (20%) | 19 (18%) | 15 (29%) | 2 (25%) | 4 (44%) | 62 (22%) |
| Mechanical ventilation, N (%) | ||||||
| Ever mechanically ventilated | 68 (63%) | 55 (51%) | 17 (33%) | 4 (50%) | 7 (78%) | 150 (53%) |
| ICU Length of stay and disposition | ||||||
| ICU length of stay, median (IQR) | 5 (3,9) | 2 (2,4) | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2,3) | 6 (4,7) | 3 (1, 5) |
| Died in ICU, N (%) | 20 (19%) | 12 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 36 (13%) |
| Withdrawal of life-support, N (%) | 21 (19%) | 12 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 37 (13%) |
| Hospital Length of stay and disposition, | ||||||
| Hospital length of stay, median (IQR) | 11 (7,24) | 10 (5,17) | 6 (4,14) | 6 (2,8) | 15 (10,54) | 9 (5, 18) |
| House/Apt (independent) | 33 (31%) | 52 (48%) | 32 (63%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (44%) | 121 (43%) |
| House/Apt (with home care) | 14 (13%) | 7 (6%) | 5 (10%) | 2 (25%) | 1 (11%) | 29 (10%) |
| Died | 29 (27%) | 17 (16%) | 1 (2%) | 4 (50%) | 0 (0%) | 51 (18%) |
| Hospice | 8 (7%) | 6 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 14 (5%) |
| Other including residential care | 24 (22%) | 26 (24%) | 13 (25%) | 2 (25%) | 4 (44%) | 69 (24%) |
Abbreviation: DNI, Do not intubate; DNR, Do not resuscitate; EMR, Electronic medical record; ICU, Intensive care unit; IQR, Interquartile Range; MOLST, Maryland Medical Orders for Life Sustaining Treatment; POA, Power of Attorney.
a Patients for whom any proxy was enrolled although 31% were not the patient’s legal healthcare proxy.
b Patients with ineligible proxies included 44 patients for whom no proxy visited the ICU, and 7 patients for whom no proxy spoke English.
c US Census Bureau 2010–2014; $41,819 median household income for Baltimore City; $74,194 median household income for MD state. No zip code was provided for 1 patient from Saudi Arabia with an enrolled proxy and 1 homeless patient with ineligible proxies.