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. 2017 May 25;7:2415. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02611-5

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cd intra-articular injection improves clinical scores and reduces inflammation in AIA rats. (A) Ankle perimeters of rat hind paws in function of time. Day 0: AIA induction; day 14: Cd intra-articular injection. (B) Clinical scores of AIA; Left panel: mobility loss index from 0 = normal use of paws to 4 = complete loss of paw support; right panel: arthritic index from 0 = no swelling or erythema to 4 = excess oedema with joint rigidity. (C) H&E staining and measurement of immune cell infiltrate plus synoviocytes on joint pannus layers. Data are the mean of two independent measures on 6 animals per group, excepting the AIA plus Cd-1 ppm group, counting 5 animals. Data are represented as mean ± SEM; ^#p < 0.05, ^##p < 0.01.