Table 3.
Association of baseline factors with change in fractional shortening after more than 20 years of follow-up.
| Baseline variables | 1st trt of ΔFS | 2nd trt of ΔFS | 3rd trt of ΔFS | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50.3 ± 6.1 | 50.4 ± 5.4 | 49.5 ± 5.4 | 0.28 |
| Gender, female | 46% | 55% | 60% | 0.030 |
| Height, cm | 169.0 ± 8.8 | 168.7 ± 8.5 | 166.6 ± 9.1 | 0.023 |
| Weight, kg | 81.3 ± 15.0 | 75.8 ± 13.4 | 73.9 ± 14.8 | < 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28.4 ± 4.3 | 26.6 ± 3.9 | 26.5 ± 4.1 | < 0.001 |
| Waist, cm | 92.2 ± 12.2 | 87.7 ± 11.6 | 85.9 ± 12.1 | < 0.001 |
| Waist/Hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.84 ± 0.08 | 0.001 |
| Smoking (pack-years) | 8.8 ± 12.8 | 6.4 ± 11.8 | 6.6 ± 10.6 | 0.10 |
| Alcohol consumption (g/week) | 64.2 ± 81.1 | 44.2 ± 66.3 | 47.1 ± 56.6 | 0.12 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 147.3 ± 19.3 | 145.3 ± 21.4 | 141.2 ± 19.2 | 0.013 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 88.9 ± 11.3 | 87.8 ± 12.1 | 85.8 ± 11.5 | 0.043 |
| Pulse pressure, mmHg | 58.5 ± 13.4 | 57.6 ± 13.8 | 55.4 ± 12.9 | 0.081 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 80.4 ± 15.3 | 81.8 ± 16.3 | 83.4 ± 15.8 | 0.21 |
| Atrial natriuretic peptide, pg/ml | 279 ± 161 | 252 ± 132 | 256 ± 111 | 0.13 |
| Fasting plasma insulin, mmol/l | 13.9 ± 9.6 | 10.6 ± 5.7 | 10.7 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, mmol/l | 4.8 ± 1.4 | 4.5 ± 1.2 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 0.013 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.30 ± 0.36 | 1.40 ± 0.39 | 1.43 ± 0.41 | 0.006 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.53 ± 0.95 | 3.50 ± 0.87 | 3.35 ± 0.86 | 0.12 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.52 ± 0.79 | 1.43 ± 0.76 | 1.36 ± 0.82 | 0.14 |
| hs-CRP, mg/l | 4.0 ± 9.7 | 2.9 ± 4.8 | 2.2 ± 4.1 | 0.045 |
| IMT, mm | 0.83 ± 0.12 | 0.82 ± 0.13 | 0.79 ± 0.11 | 0.015 |
| Diabetes | 13 (7%) | 12 (7%) | 7 (4%) | 0.35 |
| CAD | 16 (9%) | 6 (3%) | 8 (4%) | 0.042 |
| Hypertension | 106 (59%) | 86 (47%) | 75 (41%) | 0.003 |
| Antihypertensive medication | 110 (61%) | 84 (46%) | 73 (40%) | < 0.001 |
| -Beta blockers | 64 (36%) | 43 (23%) | 37 (20%) | 0.002 |
| -ACE-inhibitors | 33 (18%) | 32 (17%) | 32 (18%) | 0.97 |
| -Diuretics | 40 (22%) | 19 (10%) | 19 (10%) | 0.001 |
| -Calcium channel blockers | 24 (13%) | 16 (9%) | 14 (8%) | 0.16 |
| -Other antihypertensive medication | 5 (3%) | 10 (5%) | 4 (2%) | 0.20 |
The change in fractional shortening (ΔFS) was divided into tertiles (1st trt < 1.0%, 2nd trt ≥ 1.0% but < 6.8%, 3rd trt ≥ 6.8%). The 1st tertile denotes the least favorable change. ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme; CAD, coronary artery disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FS, fractional shortening; HDL-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IMT, intima media thickness of carotid artery; LDL-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; trt, tertile.