Table 3.
Baseline interview
| Mean (sd) | Min | Max | N (%) | # Missing | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (years) | 60.5 (11.5) | 30.8 | 91.8 | ||
| Male | 207 (46.0) | ||||
| Race | |||||
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 3 (0.7) | ||||
| Asian | 9 (2.0) | ||||
| Black or African-American | 148 (33.0) | ||||
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1 (0.2) | ||||
| White | 279 (62.3) | ||||
| Other (African, Filipino, Hispanic) | 3 (0.7) | ||||
| Multiracial (1 = white + other, Indian) | 5 (1.1) | ||||
| Refused (e.g., human race) | 2 | ||||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Latino/Hispanic | 8 (1.8) | 1 | |||
| Education | |||||
| Less than high school graduate | 25 (5.6) | ||||
| High school graduate or GED | 107 (23.8) | ||||
| Some college or associate’s degree | 164 (36.5) | ||||
| 4-year college degree | 92 (20.5) | ||||
| Graduate degree | 61 (13.6) | ||||
| Refused | 1 | ||||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married | 292 (64.9) | ||||
| Widowed | 37 (8.2) | ||||
| Living together | 4 (0.9) | ||||
| Single | 64 (14.2) | ||||
| Separated | 7 (1.6) | ||||
| Divorced | 46 (10.2) | ||||
| Comorbidities | |||||
| # comorbidities | 3.4 (1.8) | 0 | 10 | ||
| Heart disease | 86 (19.2) | 1 | |||
| High blood pressure | 340 (75.6) | ||||
| Lung disease | 30 (6.7) | ||||
| Stroke | 29 (6.4) | ||||
| High Cholesterol | 299 (67.0) | 4 | |||
| Kidney disease | 32 (7.1) | ||||
| Liver disease | 18 (4.0) | ||||
| Anemia or other blood disease | 61 (13.6) | ||||
| Cancer | 76 (16.9) | ||||
| Depression/anxiety | 139 (30.9) | ||||
| Arthritis | 210 (46.8) | 1 | |||
| Chronic back pain | 112 (24.9) | ||||
| Autoimmune disease | 14 (3.1) | ||||
| Stomach or bowel disease | 83 (18.4) | ||||
| Healthcare utilization | |||||
| Have you seen your primary care provider? | 3.7 (2.4) | 1 | 30 | ||
| Have you gone to an urgent care clinic? | 0.5 (1.1) | 0 | 12 | ||
| Have you been seen in the Emergency Room | 0.4 (1.1) | 0 | 12 | ||
| Have you been hospitalized overnight? | 0.2 (0.5) | 0 | 6 | ||
| Have you had someone call EMS for you? | 0.1 (0.4) | 0 | 5 | ||
| DM-related | |||||
| Nephropathy or other diabetes-related kidney disease | 11 (2.4) | ||||
| Diabetic retinopathy or other diabetes-related eye disease | 20 (4.4) | ||||
| Neuropathy or other diabetes-related nerve damage | 65 (14.4) | ||||
| Years with T2DM diagnosis | 8.2 (7.6) | 0.1 | 50.0 | ||
| # Testing = Yes | 338 (75.1) | ||||
| If yes, how often: at least daily | 129 (38.2) | ||||
| If yes, how often: not daily, but > 1X/week | 117 (34.6) | ||||
| If yes, how often: a few times a month | 50 (14.8) | ||||
| If yes, how often: once a month | 21 (6.2) | ||||
| If yes, how often: less than once a month | 21 (6.2) | ||||
| If yes, how often told: at least daily | 187 (55.5) | ||||
| If yes, how often told: not daily, but > 1X/week | 53 (15.7) | ||||
| If yes, how often told: a few times a month | 14 (4.2) | ||||
| If yes, how often told: once a month | 2 (0.6) | ||||
| If yes, how often told: < once a month | 1 (1.2) | ||||
| If yes, how often didn’t know | 77 (22.9) | ||||
| If Testing = No, ever tested? | 78 (69.6) | ||||
| If yes, at least daily | 55 (70.5) | ||||
| If yes, not daily, but > 1X/week | 10 (12.8) | ||||
| If yes, a few times a month | 3 (3.9) | ||||
| If yes, once a month | 1 (1.3) | ||||
| If yes, less than once a month | 9 (11.5) | ||||
| If yes, how long did you test: <= 1 month | 8 (10.3) | ||||
| If yes, how long did you test: <1 year >1X/month | 35 (44.9) | ||||
| If yes, how long did you test: 1 year | 12 (15.4) | ||||
| If yes, how long did you test: > 1 year < 5 years | 17 (21.8) | ||||
| If yes, how long did you test: > = 5 years | 6 (7.7) | ||||
| # Testing = No, why not? | 112 (24.9) | ||||
| Not told to test | 50 (44.6) | ||||
| Costs | 18 (16.1) | ||||
| Pain | 8 (7.1) | ||||
| Disruptive | 4 (3.6) | ||||
| Does not understand why should test | 7 (6.25) | ||||
| Constant reminder of DM | 10 (8.9) | ||||
| Other reason | 30 (26.8) | ||||
| Medications and BMI | |||||
| # of prescription medications | 6.2 (3.4) | 0 | 17 | ||
| # of DM medications | 1.4 (0.9) | 0 | 5 | ||
| BMI (max weighs 523 lb) | 34.3 (7.7) | 20.8 | 75.0 | ||
| Primary Endpoints | |||||
| Hemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.6 (1.1) | 5.7 | 13.1 | ||
| SF36—Physical Health | 47.4 (8.9) | 10.4 | 63.0 | ||
| SF36—Mental Health | 53.3 (9.2) | 9.5 | 68.0 | ||
| Secondary Endpointsa | |||||
| Diabetes Empowerment Scale—Short Form | 4.3 (0.5) | 1.1 | 5 | 1 | |
| Diabetes Symptom Checklist—Revised | 20.4 (21.4) | 0 | 107.2 | ||
| Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction—satisfaction | 31.8 (5.1) | 6 | 36 | 6 | |
| Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction—perceived control | 2.7 (2.6) | 6 | 12 | 23 | |
| Problem Areas in Diabetes | 13.1 (16.2) | 0 | 82.5 | ||
| Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities (SDSCA) (# of days in last 7) | |||||
| General Diet | 4.3 (2.2) | 0 | 7 | 1 | |
| Special Diet | 4.1 (1.8) | 0 | 7 | ||
| Carb spacing | 4.1 (2.4) | 0 | 7 | ||
| Exercise | 2.9 (2.2) | 0 | 7 | ||
| Blood glucose testing (only # times tested) | 2.6 (2.8) | 0 | 7 | 1 | |
| Foot care | 3.2 (2.5) | 0 | 7 | ||
| Communication Assessment Tool—MD items | 4.5 (0.7) | 1.5 | 5 | 1 | |
| Communication Assessment Tool—staff item | 4.6 (0.7) | 1 | 5 | ||
| Health Literacy | |||||
| Newest Vital Sign | 3.8 (2.0) | 0 | 6 | 2 | |
| Newest Vital Sign (% >4 = literate) (median = 4) | 235 (61.8) | 2 | |||
aMin/max may contain a decimal if missing data within the allowable limit were present