Table 3.

Bivariate associations between moral doubt, experience with coercion, ward and professional background with three attitudes towards coercion (n = 379)^a

		Offending		Care & Security		Treatment
	Valid n	B (s.e.)	mean/β	B (s.e.)	mean/β	B (s.e.)	mean/β
Moral doubt in general (1–5)
Reflect upon doing right thing	374	.09 (.03)	.17**	−.04 (.03)	−.08	−.04 (.03)	−.06
Reflect on own values & norms	377	.03 (.05)	.04	−.06 (.04)	−.08	−.12 (.06)	−.11*
There is no single answer	376	.08 (.04)	.10~	.03 (.04)	.04	.02 (.05)	.02
Freq. of experiencing coercion (past 12 months)	369				**
Never or once	92		3.17		4.03		2.63
Twice – 8 times	117		3.08		4.06		2.52
Every month	80		3.12		4.15		2.56
Every week	59		3.09		4.32		2.66
Every day	21		3.28		4.10		2.32
Decisional responsibility
no	240		3.15		4.10		2.63
yes	120		3.10		4.15		2.47*
Freq. of moral doubt about coercion (past 12 months)	368
Never or once	147		3.06		4.11		2.61
Twice – 8 times	169		3.15		4.11		2.55
> Once a month	52		3.24		4.15		2.47
Relative moral doubt about coercion	366		*		*
Doubt less than experience	191		3.12		4.17		2.59
Doubt equal to experience	138		3.14		4.11		2.52
Doubt more than experience	37		3.38		3.93		2.54
Hospital and ward type	353		*		*		**
Hospital 1
Geriatric care	15		3.00		4.18		2.56
Hospital 2
Acute care	80		3.27		4.19		2.58
Community care	17		3.31		4.31		2.41
Youth care	51		3.10		3.98		2.33
Specialist care	64		3.26		4.04		2.46
Hospital 3
Acute care	68		3.13		4.22		2.70
Rehab care	58		3.00		4.18		2.78
Professionb	372		**				*
Psychologist	27		3.49		4.00		2.25
Psychiatrist & related	29		3.17		4.13		2.46
Nurse & related	221		3.18		4.15		2.58
Others	95		3.08		4.10		2.67

^a ~ =p < .10, * = p < .05, ** = p < .01. For categorical independent variables these indicate an overall p-value for differences amongst all categories

^b The group ‘managers’ has been left out of this analyses due to small n (7)