TABLE 3.
Subgroup analyses for HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality according to year 3 biomarker-calibrated nutrient intakes and healthy diet index scores in the frail and older WHI OS participants1
| Variable | No chronic conditions2 (n = 5057) | Chronic conditions2 (n = 4993) | No early mortality2,3 (n = 9626) | Never smoker4 (n = 5306) | Ever smoker4 (n = 4985) |
| Calibrated total energy intake, kcal/d5 | |||||
| Q1: <1850 | Ref | Ref | Ref* | Ref | Ref |
| Q2: 1850–1949 | 0.84 (0.66, 1.08) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.72,1.18) | 0.84 (0.64, 1.11) |
| Q3: 1950–2100 | 0.77 (0.56, 1.08) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.03) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.97) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.12) | 0.80 (0.55, 1.15) |
| Q4: >2100 | 0.68 (0.42, 1.12) | 0.75 (0.51, 1.11) | 0.67 (0.49, 0.95) | 1.01 (0.64, 1.59) | 0.70 (0.39, 1.27) |
| Calibrated total protein intake,6 g/d | |||||
| Q1: <60 | Ref* | Ref* | Ref** | Ref | Ref*** |
| Q2: 60–66 | 0.88 (0.74, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.95) | 0.84 (0.74, 0.96) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.06) | 0.74 (0.62, 0.88) |
| Q3: 67–75 | 0.73 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.94) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.90) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.61 (0.47, 0.78) |
| Q4: >75 | 0.73 (0.50, 1.05) | 0.71 (0.52, 0.97) | 0.72 (0.57, 0.93) | 0.99 (0.71, 1.39) | 0.46 (0.31, 0.69) |
| aMED score7 | |||||
| Q1: <2 | Ref* | Ref* | Ref** | Ref | Ref** |
| Q2: 2–3 | 0.96 (0.82, 1.11) | 0.99 (0.88, 1.13) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.10) | 0.99 (0.86, 1.14) | 0.96 (0.84, 1.09) |
| Q3: 4–5 | 0.92 (0.77, 1.11) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.04) | 0.91 (0.79, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.97 (0.82, 1.14) |
| Q4: >5 | 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) | 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) | 0.85 (0.74, 0.97) | 0.95 (0.79, 1.13) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.91) |
| DASH score8 | |||||
| Q1: <19 | Ref | Ref | Ref* | Ref | Ref |
| Q2: 19–21 | 1.03 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.91 (0.81, 1.04) | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.11) |
| Q3: 22–25 | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) | 0.98 (0.86, 1.12) | 0.94 (0.84, 1.05) | 1.00 (0.86, 1.16) | 0.95 (0.82, 1.09) |
| Q4: >25 | 0.87 (0.73, 1.03) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.03) | 0.87 (0.78, 0.99) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.08) | 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) |
| DII score9 | |||||
| Q1: <−4.2 | Ref | Ref* | Ref* | Ref | Ref |
| Q2: −4.2 to –3.1 | 1.12 (0.95, 1.32) | 1.16 (1.01, 1.33) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.25) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.40) | 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) |
| Q3: −3.0 to –1.5 | 1.29 (1.09, 1.52) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.45) | 1.27 (1.14, 1.43) | 1.37 (1.18, 1.61) | 1.20 (1.03, 1.39) |
| Q4: >−1.5 | 1.06 (0.89, 1.27) | 1.18 (1.02, 1.37) | 1.12 (1.00, 1.27) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.32) | 1.16 (0.98, 1.36) |
n = 10,431. Results were derived by using a Cox proportional hazard model. “Chronic conditions” included cancer, emphysema, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. *P -trend < 0.05; **P-trend < 0.01; ***P-trend < 0.001. aMED, alternate Mediterranean diet; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DII, Dietary Inflammatory Index; Q, quartile; Ref, reference; WHI OS, Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study.
Adjusted for age, calibrated dietary energy intake, calibrated protein intake, race/ethnicity, income, education, BMI, physical activity, smoking, and number of frailty criteria.
Early mortality was defined as death within 3 y of the study follow-up.
Adjusted for age, calibrated energy intake, calibrated protein intake, race/ethnicity, income, education, BMI, physical activity, and number of frailty criteria.
Not adjusted for calibrated energy intake. P-interaction with chronic morbidity = 0.04 and with smoking = 0.87.
Not adjusted for calibrated protein intake. P-interaction with chronic morbidity = 0.007 and with smoking = 0.67.
P-interaction with chronic morbidity = 0.23 and with smoking = 0.04.
P-interaction with chronic morbidity = 0.89 and with smoking = 0.11.
P-interaction with chronic morbidity = 0.52 and with smoking = 0.82. The 95% CIs for calibrated HRs are based on log-estimated HRs ± 1.96 bootstrap SEs (1000 bootstrapped samples); in the aMED and DASH, higher scores indicate a better diet; in the DII, a higher score indicates a more proinflammatory diet.