Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of ADHD offspring of parents with BP vs. ADHD offspring of control parents
| Characteristic | ADHD offspring of parents with BP (n=122) | ADHD offspring of control parents (n=48) | Statistic | P value (Effect Size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Demographic | ||||
| Age at intake, mean (SD) years | 11.0 (3.4) | 11.2 (3.5) | t=0.29 | 0.78 (0.06) |
| Age at the last assessment, mean (SD) | 16.8 (4.4) | 16.8 (4.4) | t=0.01 | >0.9 (0.01) |
| Had at least 1 F/U assessment, n (%) | 109 (89.3%) | 43 (89.6%) | χ2= 0.05 | >0.9 (0.01) |
| Number of F/U assessments, mean (SD) | 3.6 (1.4) | 3.4 (1.2) | t=0.65 | 0.50 (0.15) |
| Years of F/U, mean (SD) | 6.0 (2.8) | 5.5 (2.8) | t=1.04 | 0.30 (0.18) |
| Female, n (%) | 52 (42.6%) | 18 (37.5%) | χ2= 0.37 | 0.54 (0.10) |
| Caucasian, n (%) | 93 (76.2%) | 29 (60.4%) | χ2= 4.25 | 0.04 (0.34) |
| Living with both biological parents, n (%) | 43 (35.2%) | 19 (39.6%) | χ2=0.28 | 0.60 (0.09) |
| SES, mean (SD) | 31.4 (13.9) | 31.1 (12.2) | t=0.14 | 0.89 (0.02) |
| Lifetime ADHD diagnosis of parents, n (%) | 38 (31.1%) | 2 (4.2%) | FET | <0.001 (0.77) |
| Lifetime stimulant exposure, n (%) | 73 (59.8%) | 23 (47.9%) | χ2=1.54 | 0.16 (0.24) |
| ADHD symptoms at intake, mean (SD) | ||||
| DBD | ||||
| Inattention | 17.0 (7.6) | 13.1 (6.4) | t=3.02 | 0.003 (0.54) |
| Hyperactivity | 8.6 (4.9) | 5.9 (4.4) | t=3.29 | 0.001 (0.57) |
| Impulsivity | 4.4 (2.9) | 3.6 (2.5) | t=1.68 | 0.09 (0.29) |
| Total | 30.1 (13.3) | 22.6 (11.4) | t=3.32 | 0.001 (0.59) |
| K-SADS-PL | ||||
| Inattention | 22.5 (4.6) | 22.1 (3.8) | t=0.52 | 0.60 (0.09) |
| Hyperactivity | 13.1 (3.6) | 12.4 (3.9) | t=0.98 | 0.33 (0.19) |
| Impulsivity | 6.4 (2.2) | 6.6 (2.1) | t=0.30 | 0.77 (0.09) |
| Total | 42.0 (8.2) | 41.0 (6.5) | t=0.68 | 0.50 (0.13) |
ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; BP, bipolar disorder; DBD, disruptive behavior disorder rating scale; FET, Fisher exact test; F/U, follow-up; K-SADS-PL, Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version; SES, socioeconomic status