Table 1.
Pro-inflammatory responses induced by nanoparticles.
| Nanoparticle | Size (nm, diameter) | Cell type/animal | Effect | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TiO2 | N/A | A549 cells | mRNA and protein of IL-8 ↑ | [81] |
| TiO2 | 20–80 | A549 cells | IL-8 mRNA ↑ | [80] |
| TiO2 | N/A | Human neutrophils | IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1α, MIP-1β ↑ | [86] |
| ZnO | 24–70 | Lung lavage; BEAS-2B cells | IL-8 mRNA ↑ in both cell types | [82] |
| Al2O3, Al | Al2O3 (33); Al (48) | U937 & A549 (co-cultured) | Phagocytosis activity ↓ (Al); suppress immune response (Al & Al2O3) | [45] |
| Au-NPs | 50 | Bovine retinal pigment epithelial cells | Inhibit VEGF and IL-1β induced proliferation and migration | [83] |
| Silica | 20 | HUVEC (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) | IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 α (MIP-1α) ↑ | [85] |
| Fe | 20–50 | HL1-NB cells (mouse cardiac cells) | IL-8 & MCP-1 not changed | [84] |
| Fe3O4 | 5.3 | ICR mouse (♂) | IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, TGF-β, IgE, & B cell distribution ↑. T cell (CD4+/CD8+) diminished. | [87] |
| Fe3O4 (superpara magnetic) | 36 | BALB/c mouse (♂) | PMN & lymphocyte ↑; IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MIP-1α mRNA ↑ | [88] |
| SWCNT; MWCNT | SWCNT: 4(W) x 1E5(L) MWCNT:30(W) x 2E5(L) |
BALB/c mouse (♀) | TNF-α & MIP-1 ↑ | [89] |