Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Overall (n=5088) |
Normal birth weight (n=4607) |
High birth weight (n=481) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) year | 10.4 (0.6) | 10.4 (0.6) | 10.4 (0.5) | 0.12 |
| Male, % | 45.7 | 44.3 | 58.4 | <0.001 |
| Body weight, mean (SD) kg | 37.5 (9.4) | 37.1 (9.3) | 40.6 (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Body height, mean (SD) cm | 142 (7.5) | 142 (7.5) | 145 (7.5) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) kg/m2 | 18.4 (3.4) | 18.3 (3.4) | 19.1 (3.7) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, mean (SD) cm | 64.2 (8.9) | 64.1 (8.8) | 66.1 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| Body Fat, mean (SD) % | 20.8 (7.6) | 20.8 (7.6) | 21.2 (8.1) | 0.31 |
| Birth weight, mean (SD) g | 3277 (581) | 3171 (495) | 4294 (295) | <0.001 |
| Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, mean (SD) min/day | 60.0 (24.8) | 59.4 (24.7) | 65.0 (25.2) | <0.001 |
| Sedentary, mean (SD) min/day | 517 (68.2) | 517 (68.5) | 513 (65.6) | 0.23 |
| Obesity, %a | 12.3 | 11.8 | 16.8 | 0.001 |
| Central obesity, %b | 9.9 | 9.5 | 13.3 | 0.008 |
| High body fat, %c | 8.3 | 8.0 | 11.0 | 0.02 |
| Parental education, % | 0.84 | |||
| Did not complete high school | 17.7 | 17.8 | 16.8 | |
| Completed high school/some college | 42.7 | 42.7 | 42.6 | |
| Bachelor’s degree or postgraduate degree | 39.6 | 39.5 | 40.5 | |
| Maternal history of gestational diabetes, % | 4.3 | 4.1 | 6.9 | 0.004 |
| Pregnancy term, mean (SD) weeks | 38.6 (2.2) | 38.5 (2.2) | 39.6 (1.6) | <0.001 |
| Infant breast feeding, % | 0.22 | |||
| Exclusive breast feeding | 37.4 | 37.0 | 41.4 | |
| Mixed feeding | 47.0 | 47.2 | 44.5 | |
| Weaned from breast feeding | 1.1 | 1.2 | 0.6 | |
| Exclusive formula feeding | 14.4 | 14.5 | 13.5 | |
| Unhealthy diet pattern score, mean (SD) | −0.11 (0.89) | −0.11 (0.89) | 0.02 (0.97) | 0.061 |
| Healthy diet pattern score, mean (SD) | −0.00 (0.99) | −0.01 (0.99) | 0.02 (0.97) | 0.56 |
| Duration of night sleep, mean (SD) minutes | 528 (53.0) | 528 (52.9) | 529 (54.4) | 0.62 |
Data are means (SD) or number (percentage).
a
Obesity was defined as BMI z-score >+2 SD for age and gender specific distribution based on from the World Health Organization growth reference.
b
Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90th percentile for age and gender specific distribution using NHANES III reference.
c
High body fat was defined as body fat ≥90th percentile for age and gender specific distribution using NHANES IV reference