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. 2017 Feb 28;13(5):900–913. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1291479

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© 2017 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 5. — SPHK1 activates autophagy through TRAF2. (A, B) Silencing TRAF2 decreased the dots of MAP1LC3 in SPHK1-overexpressing cells. HepG2 cells were transfected with control-siRNA or si-TRAF2 and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, stained with fluorochromes, and imaged by confocal microscopy; scale bar: 20 μm. (C) TRAF2 is necessary for the activation of autophagy when SPHK1 is overexpressed. The HepG2 cells were transfected with control-siRNA or si-TRAF2. Cell lysates were collected, and the expression of autophagy-related proteins was analyzed by western blotting. Data are presented as the mean ± SE of 4 independent assays. Con-siRNA, control-siRNA.