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IL-1 directly induces osteoclast precursor differentiation. (A) WT or p55/p75 TNF receptor–deficient (TNFR KO) murine marrow macrophages were cultured in human recombinant M-CSF (50 ng/ml) without or with RANKL and/or IL-1 at the indicated concentrations (ng/ml) at the initiation of culture. TRAP stain was performed on day 5. (B) Number of osteoclasts in cultures illustrated in panel A (* P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, #P < 0.001 vs. no addition).
