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. 2017 May 26;7:2440. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-02678-0

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© The Author(s) 2017

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(a) GNPs were stabilized using a thiol-terminated poly(ethylene glycol), mPEG-SH, in order to transfer the GNPs to ethanol and grow a silica shell of controlled thickness. The surface of the core-shell nanoparticles was subsequently modified with a triethoxysilyl-modified perylene diimide (PDI). TEM images of SiNPs (b), GNPs (c), GNPSi13 (d), GNPSi9 (e), and GNPSi7 (f) show that the gold core is encapsulated in silica for all core-shell nanoparticles. The insets in (b,c) show the particle size distribution curve, and the insets in (d–f) show the silica thickness distribution curve.