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. 2017 May 1;7(5):1016–1036.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

The transformation process. Different insults continuously act on cells leading to transformative alterations in (epi) genetics, chromosomal numbers and arrangements, and heterotypic interactions which, along the path towards malignancy, undergo cycles of evolutionary clonal selection leading to the acquisition of cancer-competent traits, the hallmarks of cancer.