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. 2017 May 15;9(5):2296–2305.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

ATRA activates SDF-1/CXCR4/ROCK2 signaling to supress expression of SOX9 and further inhibit chondrogenesis. A: Cells were cultured in medium with 1 μM ATRA for 24 h, then detected mRNA transcript levels of SDF-1 and CXCR4 by qRT-PCR. ATRA upregulates the mRNA transcript levels of SDF-1 and CXCR4. B: Cells were pretreated with 25 μM AMD3100 for 1 hour, then cultured with 1 μM ATRA for 24 h, then detected expression levels of ROCK2 and SOX9 by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Overexpression of CXCR4 induced by ATRA contributes to increased expression of ROCK2 and decreased expression of SOX9. The effects were blocked by treatment with 25 μM AMD3100. Data are presented as the mean ± SD for at least three independent experiments done in triplicate. *P<0.05 compared to the control.