Table 1.

Observational Studies of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Risk of Developing Breast Cancer: Study Design and Study Population

Refs.	Study design	Recruitment period	Location	Cases/controls	Study population characteristics (stage and data source)
Smith et al.44	Population-based case–control	1995–1996	U.S.	70/70	Stage NR Cases and controls from Georgetown University Medical Center
Rossner et al. 40	Population-based case–control	1996–1997	U.S.	400/401	Invasive and in situ Controls from RDD (<65 years) and Health Care Financing Administration rosters (≥65 years of age); data source for cases NR
Rossner et al.31	Population-based case–control	1996–1997	U.S.	1050/1107	Invasive and in situ Controls from RDD (<65 years) and Health Care Financing Administration rosters (≥65 years of age); data source for cases NR
Sharhar et al.43	Case–control study	2005–2006	Malaysia	57/139	Invasive Cases were from multiple health centers and controls were recruited from various institutions and residential areas.
Zipprich et al.42	Case–control study	1995–2006	U.S.	268 sister sets, n = 645	Invasive or in situ: NR Cases and controls were recruited from hospitals, clinics, and community organizations in the New York metropolitan area.
Dai et al.45	Prospective nested case–control study	1997–2006	Shanghai, China	436/852	Invasive Participants were from the Shanghai Women's Health Study, cases were identified via active follow-up and via linkage to the Shanghai Cancer Registry.
Shen et al.41	Population-based case–control	1996–1997	U.S.	1061/1108	Invasive and in situ Controls from RDD (<65 years) and Health Care Financing Administration rosters (≥65 years of age); data source for cases NR
Lee et al.46	Prospective nested case–control	1997–2004	Shanghai, China	354/654	Invasive or in situ: NR Participants were from the Shanghai Women's Health Study, cases were identified via active follow-up and the Shanghai Cancer Registry
Fortner et al.28	Prospective nested case–control	1st blood collection 1989–1990; 2nd Blood collection 2000–2002 Follow-up 2000–2006	U.S.	377/377	Invasive and in situ Participants were from with the Nurses' Health Study with cancer diagnoses self-reported with confirmation by medical records (99%)
Loft et al.30	Prospective nested case–control	1993–2000, 3–7 years of follow-up	Denmark	336/336	Invasive Participants were from a prospective Danish cohort study, cases were diagnosed in the Danish Cancer Registry.
Sisti et al.47	Prospective nested case–control	Blood collection 1989–1990 (NHS I) Blood collection 1996–1999 (NHS II)	U.S.	392/392	Invasive and in situ Participants were from the Nurses' Health Study with cancer diagnoses self-reported with confirmation by medical records (99%)

NR, not reported; RDD, random digit dialing.