Table 3.

Effect of Gum Arabic dietary supplementation on mean values of various inflammatory markers in studied chronic kidney disease patients (n = 30).

Parameter	Baseline	Follow-up	p value
Serum CRP (ng/mL)	3.5 ± 1.5	2.8 ± 1.6	0.02∗
Serum IL-1 (pg/mL)	0.39 ± 0.38	0.35 ± 0.41	0.7
Serum IL-2 (pg/mL)	26.0 ± 128	17.2 ± 82	0.3
Serum IL-4 (pg/mL)	0.24 ± 0.15	1.37 ± 6.1	0.3
Serum IL-5 (pg/mL)	36.9 ± 137	15.5 ± 45.5	0.2
Serum IL-6 (pg/mL)	29.9 ± 80.1	20.9 ± 47.9	0.5
Serum IL-10 (pg/mL)	3.9 ± 2.9	3.3 ± 2.9	0.3
Serum IL-12 (pg/mL)	1.0 ± 3.7	0.5 ± 1.4	0.3
Serum IL-13 (pg/mL)	0.4 ± 0.4	0.3 ± 0.4	0.3
Serum IFN-γ (pg/mL)	0.93 ± 0.93	2.1 ± 7.6	0.4
Serum TNF-α (pg/mL)	0.58 ± 0.6	0.37 ± 0.5	0.2
Urinary TGF-β (pg/mL)	14.8 ± 16.3	17.7 ± 19.9	0.4

CRP: C-reactive protein; IL: interleukin; IFN: interferon; TNF: tumor necrosis factor; TGF: transforming growth factor.

^∗Statistically significant.