Figure 2.

High glucose upregulates IL-1β expression in rat retinal cell cultures. Cells were exposed to 30 mM glucose or 24.5 mM mannitol (plus 5.5 mM glucose; osmotic control) for 7 days and IL-1β or LPS for 24 h. High glucose upregulates both IL-1β mRNA (a) and protein (b) levels. The results represent the mean ± SEM of at least 3 independent experiments and are presented as percentage of control. ^∗∗p < 0.01 and ^∗∗∗p < 0.001, significantly different from control, using Student's t-test.