Figure 5.

Cohort-specific and pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) based on confounder model 3 for nonmalignant respiratory mortality in association with total traffic load on all major roads within a 100-m buffer (4,000,000 motor vehicles × m/d) around the subjects’ residences (a) and with traffic intensity on the nearest road (per 5,000 motor vehicles/d) (b). Model 3: gender, calendar time + smoking status, smoking intensity, smoking duration, environmental tobacco smoke, occupation, employment status, intake of fruit, intake of vegetables, marital status, educational level, body mass index + socioeconomic status at an area level (i.e., of the municipality or neighborhood).