Table 3.
Characteristics of selected patients with improved, persistent and mixed dysnatremia.
| Variable | Hyponatremia | Hypernatremia | Mixed dysnatremia | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Improved (n=5,214) | Persistent (n=10,025) | P | Improved (n=859) | Persistent (n=828) | P | Hypo to hyper (n=102) | Hyper to hypo (n=183) | P | |
| Age, year | 61.0 (50.0–70.0) | 61.0 (52.0–70.0) | 0.028 | 63.3±15.1 | 63.4±15.5 | 0.910 | 70.4±15.6 | 61.8±14.8 | 0.000 |
| >65, n (%) | 1,918 (36.8) | 3,731 (37.2) | 0.601 | 375 (43.7) | 376 (45.4) | 0.468 | 67 (65.7) | 78 (42.6) | 0.000 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 3,348 (64.2) | 6,919 (69.0) | 0.000 | 476 (55.4) | 492 (59.4) | 0.096 | 65 (63.7) | 117 (63.9) | 0.972 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.9±3.7 | 22.9±3.9 | 0.743 | 23.3±4.4 | 24.1±3.7 | 0.214 | 21.8±3.9 | 23.6±3.5 | 0.249 |
| Underlying diseases, n (%)§ | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | ||||||
| Cancer | 1,391 (33.3) | 2,786 (66.7) | 0.144 | 124 (66.0) | 64 (34.0) | 0.000 | 12 (36.4) | 21 (63.6) | 0.942 |
| Pulmonary | 292 (25.4) | 859 (74.6) | 0.000 | 41 (38.0) | 67 (62.0) | 0.005 | 6 (40.0) | 9 (60.0) | 0.727 |
| Cardiovascular | 495 (34.3) | 950 (65.7) | 0.972 | 99 (40.4) | 146 (59.6) | 0.000 | 5 (22.7) | 17 (77.3) | 0.183 |
| Digestive | 324 (23.8) | 1039 (76.2) | 0.000 | 27 (27.0) | 73 (73.0) | 0.000 | 7 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) | 0.255 |
| Endocrine | 113 (52.6) | 102 (47.4) | 0.000 | 38 (57.6) | 28 (42.4) | 0.270 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Hematological | 146 (38.4) | 234 (61.6) | 0.080 | 14 (31.1) | 31 (68.9) | 0.007 | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 0.209 |
| Neurological | 165 (42.0) | 228 (58.0) | 0.001 | 80 (53.7) | 69 (46.3) | 0.478 | 14 (53.8) | 12 (46.2) | 0.044 |
| Urinary and renal | 325 (40.1) | 485 (59.9) | 0.000 | 49 (33.6) | 97 (66.4) | 0.000 | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) | 0.010 |
| Cardiothoracic surgery | 700 (32.5) | 1,456 (67.5) | 0.065 | 222 (73.0) | 82 (27.0) | 0.000 | 17 (17.3) | 81 (82.7) | 0.000 |
| General surgery | 885 (43.3) | 1,160 (56.7) | 0.000 | 113 (65.7) | 59 (34.3) | 0.000 | 11 (35.5) | 20 (64.5) | 0.970 |
| Orthopedic surgery | 101 (36.5) | 176 (63.5) | 0.426 | 11 (28.2) | 28 (71.8) | 0.004 | 3 (75.0) | 1 (25.0) | 0.099 |
| Gynecological | 84 (27.8) | 218 (72.2) | 0.018 | 15 (65.2) | 8 (34.8) | 0.167 | 0 | 0 | – |
| Others | 193 (36.8) | 332 (63.2) | 0.211 | 26 (25.5) | 76 (74.5) | 0.000 | 11 (68.8) | 5 (31.2) | 0.005 |
| Clinical data at admission | |||||||||
| SBP, mmHg | 124.3±17.8 | 124.2±17.4 | 0.719 | 129.0±20.1 | 129.4±19.5 | 0.701 | 127.3±19.3 | 129.9±25.2 | 0.503 |
| DBP, mmHg | 75.3±11.0 | 75.9±12.4 | 0.004 | 75.7±11.9 | 78.5±32.7 | 0.033 | 74.1±12.1 | 75.0±13.6 | 0.624 |
| WBC, 109/L | 6.5 (5.0–8.9) | 6.3 (4.8–8.4) | 0.000 | 8.0±11.1 | 7.6±4.6 | 0.325 | 8.4 (5.8–12.4) | 6.4 (5.0–9.1) | 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L | 120.6±24.3 | 120.2±23.8 | 0.260 | 121.2±25.1 | 120.5±26.0 | 0.553 | 108.8±27.2 | 121.4±27.2 | 0.000 |
| AST, U/L | 23.0 (17.0–39.0) | 24.0 (17.0–43.0) | 0.000 | 21.0 (16.0–31.0) | 20.0 (16.0–29.0) | 0.035 | 118.1±575.9 | 65.5±241.1 | 0.283 |
| ALT, U/L | 21.0 (13.0–37.3) | 22.0 (13.0–39.0) | 0.008 | 47.9±334.6 | 36.1±84.4 | 0.321 | 46.3±83.6 | 39.8±77.1 | 0.512 |
| TBIL, μmol/L | 10.1 (6.9–15.6) | 10.3 (7.0–16.1) | 0.045 | 14.9±27.9 | 15.3±41.8 | 0.795 | 10.5 (6.9–18.9) | 11.7 (8.3–19.5) | 0.427 |
| Albumin, g/L | 38.0 (33.0–41.0) | 38.0 (33.0–41.0) | 0.204 | 37.0 (34.0–40.0) | 38.0 (34.0–41.0) | 0.106 | 32.9±6.2 | 36.3±6.1 | 0.000 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 6.5±3.4 | 6.5±3.2 | 0.277 | 6.1±2.8 | 6.1±2.7 | 0.978 | 7.0±3.3 | 6.6±3.3 | 0.418 |
| SCr, μmol/L | 73.0 (60.0–89.0) | 72.0 (60.0–88.0) | 0.006 | 79.0 (65.0–106.0) | 80.0 (65.0–104.0) | 0.641 | 75.5 (58.2–110.3) | 79.0 (62.0–100.0) | 0.509 |
| BUN, mmol/L | 5.0 (3.8–6.7) | 5.1 (3.9–6.6) | 0.873 | 5.9 (4.5–8.6) | 5.8 (4.5–8.5) | 0.629 | 9.8±9.1 | 8.6±7.2 | 0.222 |
| SUA, mmol/L | 285.0 (217.0–366.0) | 286.0 (220.0–363.0) | 0.664 | 346.1±137.1 | 351.2±145.5 | 0.468 | 307.3±166.1 | 348.1±147.8 | 0.034 |
| Na, mmol/L | 138.0±4.2 | 137.1±4.5 | 0.000 | 145.5±4.9 | 146.8±5.0 | 0.000 | 135.9±4.6 | 144.4±4.6 | 0.000 |
| K, mmol/L | 4.1 (3.8–4.3) | 4.1 (3.8–4.4) | 0.000 | 3.9±0.6 | 4.0±0.6 | 0.028 | 4.2±0.7 | 4.0±0.5 | 0.005 |
| Cl, mmol/L | 101.0 (97.0–103.0) | 100.0 (96.0–103.0) | 0.000 | 106.4±5.7 | 107.4±5.7 | 0.000 | 98.4±5.4 | 105.7±5.5 | 0.000 |
| Mg, mmol/L | 0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 0.90 (0.83–0.96) | 0.354 | 0.93±0.14 | 0.95±0.15 | 0.009 | 0.92 (0.83–1.00) | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 0.418 |
| Ca, mmol/L | 2.24 (2.12–2.35) | 2.27 (2.16–2.37) | 0.000 | 2.22±0.20 | 2.27±0.22 | 0.000 | 2.20±0.19 | 2.22±0.18 | 0.548 |
| P, mmol/L | 1.08 (0.89–1.24) | 1.10 (0.94–1.24) | 0.000 | 1.10±0.34 | 1.15±0.42 | 0.029 | 1.07±0.39 | 1.11±0.38 | 0.383 |
| Osmolality, mOsm/L | 297.5±9.4 | 295.7±9.6 | 0.000 | 312.3±13.4 | 315.4±13.7 | 0.000 | 297.0 (290.9–300.7) | 308.0 (302.1–316.9) | 0.000 |
| CO2CP, mmol/L | 24.0 (22.0–26.0) | 24.0 (22.0–26.0) | 0.000 | 23.1±5.5 | 22.6±6.2 | 0.179 | 22.5±4.3 | 23.7±4.0 | 0.019 |
| AG, mmol/L | 14.0 (12.0–16.0) | 14.0 (12.0–16.0) | 0.000 | 14.9±3.8 | 15.1±4.1 | 0.187 | 15.2±4.1 | 15.2±3.5 | 0.995 |
§
Row N%.
BMI – body mass index; SBP – systolic blood pressure; DBP – diastolic blood pressure; WBC – white blood cell; ALT – alanine aminotransferase; AST – aspartate aminotransferase; TBIL – total bilirubin; SCr – serum creatinine; BUN – blood urea nitrogen; SUA – serum uric acid; CO2CP – carbon dioxide combining power; AG – anion gap.