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. 2017 May 30;11:308. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00308

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Copyright © 2017 Guillebaud, Girardet, Abysique, Gaigé, Barbouche, Verneuil, Jean, Leprince, Tonon, Dallaporta, Lebrun and Troadec.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ODN inhibition of swallowing reflex. (A) Effects of ODN on sublingual muscle electromyographical activity induced by solitary tract (ST) stimulation. ODN (100 μM, arrow) injected within the swallowing pattern generator (SwCPG) induced a powerful inhibition of the number of swallows. Note that this inhibitory effect intervened rapidly after ODN application ~4 min. This effect was transient since the swallows recovered after 45 min. (B) Time course of the effects of ODN doses injected within the SwCPG at 50 μM (dark bars, 5 trials) and 100 μM (gray bars, 10 trials) on the number of swallows recorded over 2-min periods and until recovery. “C” represents the mean value of the control recorded before ODN microinjection (100%). Data are represented as means ± SEM normalized to the control value. ^*P < 0.05, ^**P < 0.01, ^***P < 0.001 significantly different from control.