Table 4.
Effect size d for the main outcomes of included studies.
| Source (intervention) | Study adherence outcomes | d (95% CI)a |
| Boker et al, 2012 (text messaging) [34] | Medication event monitoring system | No data available |
| Fabbrocini et al, 2014 (text messaging) [39] | 7-day recall self-report | No data available |
| Ostojic et al, 2005 (text messaging and in-person sessions) [47] | Self-report of daily inhaled corticosteroids | 0.35 (-0.64 to 1.4) |
| Self-report of daily beta2-agonist | 0.7 (-0.31 to 1.71) | |
| Hammonds et al, 2015 (mobile phone app) [42] | Pill count of antidepressants | 0.31 (-0.21 to 0.83) |
| Cafazzo et al, 2012 (mobile phone app) [35] | Self-report using personal blood glucose meters | 0.11 (-0.69 to 0.91) |
| Laboratory markers using glycosylated hemoglobin | 0.45 (-0.36 to 1.26) | |
| Franklin et al, 2006 (text messaging) [40] | Self-report using a visual analogue scale | 0.38 (-0.14 to 0.89) |
| Laboratory marker using glycosylated hemoglobin | 0.12 (-0.4 to 0.63) | |
| Louch et al, 2013 (text messaging) [43] | Self-report of insulin administration | 1.1 (0.11 to 2.1)b |
| Mulvaney et al, 2012 (text messaging) | Laboratory markers using glycosylated hemoglobin | 0.5 (-0.1 to 1.1) |
| Dowshen et al, 2012 (text messaging) [37] | Self-report using visual analogue scale | 1.43 (0.75 to 2.11)b |
| Self-report using AIDS Clinical Trials Group questionnaire | 0.86 (0.22 to 1.49)b | |
| Laboratory marker using viral load | 0.43 (-0.18 to 1.04) | |
| Laboratory marker using CD4 cell count | 0.19 (-0.42 to 0.79) | |
| Garofalo et al, 2012 (text messaging) [41] | Self-report using visual analogue scale | 0.49 (0.11 to 0.89)b |
| Laboratory markers using viral load | 0.19 (-0.18 to 0.58) | |
| McKenzie et al, 2015 (text messaging) [44] | Laboratory testing participation rate | 0.66 (0.22 to 1.1)b |
| Miloh et al, 2009 (text messaging) [45] | Laboratory markers using tacromilus – overall | 1.23 (0.62 to 1.85)b |
| Laboratory markers using tacromilus – one medication | 1.02 (0.42 to 1.6)b | |
| Laboratory markers using tacromilus – two medications | 1.39 (0.77 to 2.03)b | |
| Laboratory markers using tacromilus – three medications | 2.11 (1.41 to 2.82)b | |
| Creary et al, 2014 (text messaging and m-DOT) [36] | Medication possession ratio | 1.04 (0.25 to 1.83)b |
| Laboratory markers using fetal hemoglobin | 0.1 (-0.31 to 0.51) | |
| Laboratory markers using mean corpuscular volume | 0.54 (-0.22 to 1.29) | |
| Estepp et al, 2014 (text messaging) [38] | Medication possession ratio | 0.07 (-0.31 to 0.44) |
| Laboratory markers using fetal hemoglobin | 0.1 (-0.31 to 0.51) | |
| Laboratory markers using mean corpuscular volume | 0.18 (-0.24 to 0.59) | |
| Ting et al, 2011 (text messaging) [48] | Self-report using medication adherence inventory | No data available |
| Medication possession ratio | No data available | |
| Laboratory marker for hydroxychloroquine | No data available |
aPositive effect size value means improvement in a study outcome, while a negative one means worsening outcome.
bStatistically significant P<.05.