Table 3.
Percentage With Pneumococcal Whole-Blood Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Load ≥2.2 Log10 Copies/mL by Nasopharyngeal/Oropharyngeal PCR Load >6.9 Log10 Copies/mL
| Characteristic | MCPP Casesa | Nonconfirmed Casesb | Nonconfirmed CXR+c Cases |
Confirmed Nonpneumococcal Cased | All Controls | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total No.e | WB PCR ≥2.2 Log10 Copies/mL, No. (%) | Total No. | WB PCR ≥2.2 Log10 Copies/mL, No. (%) | Total No. | WB PCR ≥2.2 Log10 Copies/mL, No. (%) | Total No. | WB PCR ≥2.2 Log10 Copies/mL, No. (%) | Total No. | WB PCR ≥2.2 Log10 Copies/mL, No. (%) | |
| Overall | 56 | 35 (62.5) | 3832 | 166 (4.3) | 1745 | 91 (5.2) | 107 | 10 (9.3) | 4987 | 154 (3.1) |
| Pneumococcal NP/OP PCR load >6.9 log10 copies/mL | ||||||||||
| All sites | P = .07 | P < .01 | P < .01 | P = .42 | P = .12 | |||||
| Yes | 36 | 26 (72.2) | 457 | 37 (8.1) | 231 | 25 (10.8) | 27 | 3 (11.1) | 392 | 17 (4.3) |
| No | 18 | 8 (44.4) | 3306 | 127 (3.8) | 1481 | 65 (4.4) | 77 | 6 (7.8) | 4490 | 135 (3.0) |
| Kenya | … | P = .18 | P = .09 | P > .99 | P = .45 | |||||
| Yes | 0 | 0 (0) | 26 | 1 (3.8) | 10 | 1 (10.0) | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 14 | 1 (7.1) |
| No | 4 | 3 (75.0) | 529 | 12 (2.3) | 229 | 7 (3.1) | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 735 | 30 (4.1) |
| The Gambia | P = .23 | P > .99 | P > .99 | P = .51 | P > .99 | |||||
| Yes | 10 | 4 (40.0) | 84 | 4 (4.8) | 42 | 2 (4.8) | 4 | 0 (0.0) | 49 | 2 (4.1) |
| No | 5 | 0 (0.0) | 474 | 26 (5.5) | 201 | 10 (5.0) | 10 | 3 (30.0) | 532 | 27 (5.1) |
| Mali | P = .52 | P = .47 | P = .27 | P = .46 | P > .99 | |||||
| Yes | 21 | 17 (81.0) | 140 | 13 (9.3) | 54 | 7 (13.0) | 12 | 1 (8.3) | 112 | 4 (3.6) |
| No | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 476 | 34 (7.1) | 174 | 13 (7.5) | 14 | 0 (0.0) | 602 | 21 (3.5) |
| Zambia | P = .40 | P = .71 | P = .23 | P > .99 | P = .29 | |||||
| Yes | 3 | 3 (100) | 41 | 1 (2.4) | 23 | 0 (0.0) | 1 | 0 (0.0) | 36 | 2 (5.6) |
| No | 3 | 1 (33.3) | 406 | 23 (5.7) | 179 | 16 (8.9) | 21 | 2 (9.5) | 508 | 14 (2.8) |
| South Africa | P > .99 | P < .01 | P < .01 | P = .26 | P = .13 | |||||
| Yes | 2 | 2 (100) | 100 | 17 (17.0) | 70 | 14 (20.0) | 7 | 1 (14.3) | 94 | 8 (8.5) |
| No | 3 | 2 (66.7) | 781 | 31 (4.0) | 428 | 19 (4.4) | 20 | 0 (0.0) | 864 | 40 (4.6) |
| Thailand | … | … | … | … | P > .99 | |||||
| Yes | 0 | 0 (0) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 2 | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 0 (0) | 8 | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 0 | 0 (0) | 213 | 0 (0.0) | 94 | 0 (0.0) | 6 | 0 (0.0) | 606 | 3 (0.5) |
| Bangladesh | … | P = .24 | P = .15 | … | … | |||||
| Yes | 0 | 0 (0) | 63 | 1 (1.6) | 30 | 1 (3.3) | 0 | 0 (0) | 79 | 0 (0.0) |
| No | 0 | 0 (0) | 427 | 1 (0.2) | 176 | 0 (0.0) | 3 | 0 (0.0) | 643 | 0 (0.0) |
All P values obtained from Fisher exact or χ2 test.
Abbreviations: CXR, chest radiograph; MCPP, microbiologically confirmed pneumococcal pneumonia; NP/OP, nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; WB, whole blood.
aMCPP defined as isolation of pneumococcus from blood culture, culture or PCR of lung aspirate or pleural fluid, or BinaxNOW antigen detection on pleural fluid.
bNonconfirmed cases defined as cases without isolation of bacteria from culture of blood, lung aspirate or pleural fluid, or PCR of lung aspirate or pleural fluid.
cCXR positive (CXR+) defined as radiographic evidence of pneumonia (consolidation and/or other infiltrates).
dConfirmed nonpneumococcal case defined as a case with any nonpneumococcal bacterial pathogen detected by blood culture, by lung aspirate culture or PCR, or by pleural fluid culture or PCR.
eSome children who were pneumococcal WB above the threshold were missing NP/OP pneumococcal results; these children are captured in the “Overall” row but excluded from subsequent rows.