Table 2.
Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE)-I inhibitory bioactive peptides derived from seaweed and microalgae. The potency of the peptides is indicated by their IC50 values, which refers to the concentration required to inhibit enzyme activity by 50%.
| Source | Hydrolytic Method | Peptide Sequence | IC50 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) | Pepsin | Ala-Ile-Tyr-Lys | 213 μM | [201] |
| Tyr-Lys-Tyr-Tyr | 64.2 μM | |||
| Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly | 90.5 μM | |||
| Tyr-Asn-Lys-Leu | 90.5 μM | |||
| Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) | Hot water extraction | Tyr-His | 5.1 μM | [202] |
| Lys-Trp | 10.8 μM | |||
| Lys-Tyr | 7.7 μM | |||
| Lys-Phe | 28.3 μM | |||
| Phe-Tyr | 3.7 μM | |||
| Val-Trp | 10.8 μM | |||
| Val-Phe | 43.7 μM | |||
| Ile-Tyr | 2.7 μM | |||
| Ile-Trp | 12.4 μM | |||
| Val-Tyr | 11.3 μM | |||
| Undaria pinnatifida (wakame) | Protease S “Amano” | Val-Tyr | 35.2 μM | [203] |
| Ile-Tyr | 6.1 μM | |||
| Ala-Trp | 18.8 μM | |||
| Phe-Tyr | 42.3 μM | |||
| Val-Trp | 3.3 μM | |||
| Ile-Trp | 1.5 μM | |||
| Leu-Trp | 23.6 μM | |||
| Ecklonia cava | Alcalase | Enzymatic digest | 2.79 μg/mL | [204] |
| Flavourzyme | Enzymatic digest | 3.56 μg/mL | ||
| Kojizyme | Enzymatic digest | 2.33 μg/mL | ||
| Neutrase | Enzymatic digest | 3.10 μg/mL | ||
| Protamex | Enzymatic digest | 3.28 μg/mL | ||
| Porphyra yezoensis | Ile-Tyr | 2.69 μM | [205] | |
| Met-Lys-Tyr | 7.26 μM | |||
| Ala-Lys-Tyr-Ser-Tyr | 1.52 μM | |||
| Leu-Arg-Tyr | 5.06 μM | |||
| Hizikia fusiformis | Gly-Lys-Tyr | 3.92 μM | [206] | |
| Ser-Val-Tyr | 8.12 μM | |||
| Ser-Lys-Thr-Tyr | 11.07 μM | |||
| Palmaria palmata (dulse) | Thermolysin | Val-Tyr-Arg-Thr | 0.14 μM | [207] |
| Leu-Asp-Tyr | 6.1 μM | |||
| Leu-Arg-Tyr | 0.044 μM | |||
| Phe-Glu-Gln-Trp-Ala-Ser | 2.8 μM | |||
| Chlorella vulgaris | Pepsin | Ile-Val-Val-Glu | 315.3 μM | [208] |
| Ala-Phe-Leu | 63.8 μM | |||
| Phe-Ala-Leu | 26.3 μM | |||
| Ala-Glu-Leu | 57.1 μM | |||
| Val-Val-Pro-Pro-Ala | 79.5 μM | |||
| Arthrospira platensis | Ile-Ala-Glu | 34.7 μM | ||
| Phe-Ala-Leu | 11.4 μM | |||
| Ala-Glu-Leu | 11.4 μM | |||
| Ile-Ala-Pro-Gly | 11.4 μM | |||
| Val-Ala-Phe | 35.8 μM | |||
| Nannochloropsis oculata | Alcalase | Leu-Val-Thr-Val-Met | 18.0 μM | [209] |
| Nannochloropsis oculata | Pepsin | Gly-Met-Asn-Asn-Leu-Thr-Pro | 123 μM | [210] |
| Leu-Glu-Gln | 173 μM | |||
| Chlorella ellipsoidea | Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase, trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, pepsin, and papain | Val-Glu-Gly-Tyr | 128.4 μM | [211] |
| Chlorella vulgaris | Flavourzyme, alcalase, papain, and pepsin | Val-Glu-Cys-Tyr-Gly-Pro-Asn-Arg-Pro-Gln-Phe | 29.6 μM | [212] |