Table 3.
Adjusted comparisons of clinical data of patients with the highest-risk haplotype combination (HLA-DRB1*03:01-DQA1*05:01-DQB1*02:01/DRB1*04-DQA1*03:01-DQB1*03:02) vs. other HLA-DRB1*03 or DRB1*04 haplotype combinations and those without one of the highest-risk alleles.
| Highest-Risk Haplotype (n = 86) | Moderate Risk Haplotype (n = 103) | Low Risk Haplotype (n = 6) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n 2 | % or mean (SE) | n 2 | % or mean (SE) | n 2 | % or mean (SE) | p 1 | |
| Weight (kg) | 1008 | 45.3 (43.5; 47.1) | 1286 | 45.8 (44.2; 47.5) | 74 | 45.5 (38.8; 52.2) | 0.917 |
| Height (cm) | 1008 | 146.4 (144.6; 148.2) | 1286 | 146.8 (145.1; 148.4) | 74 | 148.7 (142.0; 155.4) | 0.802 |
| BMI-SDS (KIGGS) | 1007 | 0.37 (0.23; 0.52) | 1285 | 0.42 (0.28; 0.55) | 74 | 0.15 (−0.39; 0.70) | 0.629 |
| SMBG | 925 | 5.4 (5.2; 5.7) | 1228 | 5.1 (4.9; 5.4) | 72 | 5.3 (4.3; 6.3) | 0.304 |
| Insulin dose (IU/d) | 1014 | 38.9 (36.4; 41.4) | 1288 | 40.0 (37.7; 42.3) | 75 | 38.9 (29.5; 48.4) | 0.809 |
| Insulin dose per kg bodyweight (IU/kg/d) | 1008 | 0.81 (0.78; 0.85) | 1286 | 0.83 (0.80; 0.86) | 74 | 0.83 (0.70; 0.97) | 0.820 |
| HbA1c (%) | 1005 | 7.6 (7.4; 7.8) | 1283 | 7.4 (7.3; 7.6) | 73 | 7.6 (6.9; 8.2) | 0.441 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 1005 | 60 (58; 62) | 1283 | 58 (56; 60) | 73 | 59 (52; 67) | |
| RR systolic (mmHg) | 979 | 113.0 (111.5; 114.5) | 1233 | 112.7 (111.3; 114.1) | 73 | 113.3 (107.7; 118.8) | 0.947 |
| RR diastolic (mmHg) | 979 | 66.9 (65.8; 68.0) | 1233 | 66.8 (65.8; 67.8) | 73 | 64.2 (60.2; 68.3) | 0.447 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 748 | 174.8 (169.9; 179.8) | 926 | 178.2 (173.6; 182.9) | 55 | 174.9 (156.3; 193.4) | 0.608 |
| HDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 612 | 62.5 (59.); 65.2) | 736 | 64.2 (61.8; 66.7) | 40 | 61.5 (51.8; 71.2) | 0.612 |
| LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 606 | 96.9 (91.9; 101.9) | 732 | 96.3 (91.7; 101.0) | 40 | 93.8 (75.6; 111.9) | 0.942 |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 709 | 98.9 (91.0; 106.9) | 874 | 112.1 (104.8; 119.4) | 55 | 98.4 (69.5; 127.4) | 0.051 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 718 | 57.0 (55.3; 58.7) | 847 | 58.5 (57.0; 60.1) | 40 | 55.6 (49.0; 62.3) | 0.348 |
| Urine albuminuria (mg/L) | 315 | 11.8 (0.0; 26.0) * | 383 | 16.0 (3.1; 28.9) * | 15 | 1.8 (0.0; 66.0) * | 0.852* |
| Rate of severe hypoglycaemia (1/100 patient years) |
1012 | 18.5 (12.3; 27.9) | 1287 | 28.7 (19.9; 41.4) | 75 | 6.5 (1.2; 35.6) | 0.100 |
| Rate of hypoglycaemic coma (1/100 patient years) |
1012 | 3.6 (2.1; 6.1) | 1287 | 5.6 (3.6; 8.7) | 75 | 2.3 (0.3; 19.9) | 0.364 |
| Hospitalization rate for hypoglycaemia (1/100 patient years) |
1012 | 1.2 (0.6; 2.4) | 1287 | 1.5 (0.8; 2.7) | 75 | 1.4 (0.1; 15.6) | 0.916 |
| Hospitalization rate for ketoacidosis (1/100 patient years) |
1012 | 1.7 (0.9; 3.2) | 1287 | 2.7 (1.6; 4.5) | 75 | 1.4 (0.1; 17.3) | 0.494 |
| n 3 | % or mean (SE) | n 3 | % or mean (SE) | n 3 | % or mean (SE) | p 1 | |
| Microalbuminuria (%) 4 | 80 | 36.9 (27.0; 48.1) | 95 | 43.0 (33.3; 53.2) | 6 | 17.0 (3.8; 66.2) | 0.497 |
| Macroalbuminuria (%) 4 | 80 | 3.5 (1.1; 10.9) | 95 | 4.9 (1.9; 11.9) | 6 | 7.9 (0.4; 63.7) | 0.838 |
| Retinopathy (%) 4 | 82 | 2.2 (0.5; 9.2) | 97 | 3.8 (1.3; 10.4) | 6 | 8.0 (0.4; 63.4) | 0.689 |
| Transglutaminase antibodies (%) 4 | 66 | 26.3 (16.8; 38.6) | 73 | 20.4 (12.4; 31.7) | 4 | 11.0 (0.5; 76.5) | 0.633 |
| Clinical celiac disease (%) 4 | 86 | 10.6 (5.6; 19.3) | 103 | 4.6 (1.9; 10.7) | 6 | 7.1 (0.4; 62.0) | 0.231 |
| TPO antibodies (%) 4 | 72 | 16.3 (9.3; 27.1) | 83 | 25.0 (16.4; 36.2) | 6 | 5.5 (0.2; 59.0) | 0.283 |
| TG antibodies (%) 4 | 56 | 22.8 (12.8; 37.2) | 71 | 16.9 (9.3; 26.6) | 4 | 4.9 (0.2; 60.2) | 0.489 |
| Clinical thyroiditis (%) 4 | 86 | 8.8 (4.4; 17.0) | 103 | 18.3 (11.7; 27.5) | 6 | 5.8 (0.3; 59.7) | 0.148 |
Data are adjusted estimates from mixed linear, mixed Poisson or fixed effects logistic regression adjusting for sex and diabetes duration. 1 F-Test from linear or Poisson regression for continuous or variables and Χ2-Test from logistic regression for variables categorical; 2 Total number of observation years contributed by patients (varying dependent on performed measurements at clinical visits); 3 Total number of patients (varying dependent on performed measurements); 4 Only data of the last documented year are used. Diabetic complications and associated autoimmune diseases are defined cumulatively over the individual observation periods per patient. * Not adjusted for sex and diabetes duration. SMBG: frequency of self-monitoring of blood glucose; TPO: thyroid peroxidase; TG: thyroglobulin.