Figure 1.

ZNE decreases VSMC proliferation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner as demonstrated by trypan blue cell count at the indicated time intervals (a) and the overall metabolic activity measured by CellTiter-Glo luminescent cell viability assay (b). Viability values are calculated as % of the corresponding vehicle control value and represented as mean ± SEM of three replicates. Statistical significance was tested using 2-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's post-hoc test. ∗ denotes P < 0.05 compared to that of the vehicle control, while # indicates P < 0.05 compared to the effect of the same concentration of ZNE at 24 hours.