Table 3.

Secondary causes of low HDL-C

1.	Elevated triglycerides.	(Component of metS)
	End stage renal disease
	Hypothyroidism [also increased total Chol/HDL-C ratio.
2.	Obesity and Overweight. – [waist measurement] –	(Component of metS)
	[Visceral obesity in particular]
	For every 3 kg. (7 lbs.) weight loss HDL-C increased 1 mg/dL.
3.	Prediabetes and overt Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.	(Component of metS)
4.	Physical inactivity	(lifestyle choice).
5.	Smoking	(lifestyle choice).
6.	Very high carbohydrate intakes > 50–60% of energy	(lifestyle choice).
	[Especially Fructose Containing Soft Drinks.]
7.	Metabolic Syndrome: As potent a risk factor as smoking.
8.	Drugs, such as beta-blockers, anabolic steroids, and progestational agents.