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. 2017 May 30;8:308. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00308

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Copyright © 2017 Petrosino, Campolo, Impellizzeri, Paterniti, Allarà, Gugliandolo, D’Amico, Siracusa, Cordaro, Esposito, Di Marzo and Cuzzocrea.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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ELISA assay of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 in the rat hind paw tissues following intraplantar hind paw injection of CAR: effects of administered PEA-OXA. An increase of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C), levels were found in CAR+vehicle rats after CAR induction. CAR-injected rats and treated with ultramicronized PEA (10 mg/kg) exhibited a reduction of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), IL-6 (C) levels. PEA-OXA treatment (10 mg/kg) reduced markedly cytokine expression (A–C). Values are shown as mean ± SD of 10 animals for each group. ^∗∗∗P < 0.001 vs. sham; ^###P < 0.001 vs. CAR; ^##P < 0.01 vs. CAR; ^∘∘P < 0.01 vs. PEA.