Table 10.
Gait ability, balance, functional lower extremity strength, falls
| Study | 3 months before end of intervention | Post-intervention (0 m) | 3–4 m FU | 6 m FU | 9 m FU |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A: Gait ability (TUG) | |||||
| Kim et al43: Ex + NuP/NuMF | / | Ex + NuMF (% change =−14.4±2.0) (CI =−13.8; −9.9) and Ex + NuP (% change =−18.5±2.1) (CI =−22.9; −14.0): change significantly improved*** compared to NuMF (% change =−6.1±2.6) (CI =−11.6; −0.7) or NuP (% change =−3.0±2.6) (CI =−8.3; 2.3) |
NS | / | / |
| Rydwik et al46: Ex + NuAd | / | NS | / | NS | / |
| Kenny et al42: Ex + NuVM + Hor | / | NS | / | / | / |
| Ikeda et al55: Ex + NuP | / | NS | / | / | / |
| B: Balance | |||||
| Dynamic balance | |||||
| Rydwik et al46: Ex + NuAd | / / |
NS (modified figure eight) Ex + NuAd (mean change =−1.1 [CI =−3.2; 1]): score step test significantly decreased* compared to Ex (mean change =3.2 [CI =0.9; 5.5]) |
/ / |
NS NS |
/ / |
| Ikeda et al55: Ex + NuP | / | Ex + NuP: functional reach test improvement rate significantly improved* (11.0%±22.0%) compared to Ex (1.0%±17.0%) | / | / | / |
| Static balance | |||||
| Chan et al32: Ex + NuAd + PS | / | NS (single leg stance) | NS | / | NS |
| Kenny et al42: Ex + Hor + NuVM | / | NS (singe leg stance) | / | / | / |
| Rydwik et al46: Ex + NuAd | / | NS (tandem stance) | / | NS | / |
| / | NS (single leg stance) | / | NS | / | |
| Kwon et al44: Ex + NuAd | / | NS (stork stance) | / | NS | / |
| Chin A Paw et al33: Ex + NuP + NuVM | / | NS (tandem stance) | / | / | / |
| / | Ex + NuP + NuVM and Ex (4 [−7; 17]): change in score for balancing on balance board significantly improved* compared to NuP + NuVM and control group: (2 [−12; 13]) | / | / | / | |
| Dynamic and static balance | |||||
| Tarazona-Santabalbina et al54: Ex + NuAd + NuVM | NS (Tinetti balance index) | / | / | / | |
| C: Functional lower extremity strength | |||||
| Rydwik et al46: Ex + NuAd | / | NS | / | NS | / |
| Chin A Paw et al33: Ex + NuP + NuVM | / | Ex + NuP + NuVM and Ex (−2.3 s for chair stand [−7.7; 1.4]): change significantly improved* compared to NuP + NuVM and control group (−1.0 s for chair stand [−6.4; 3.8]) | / | / | / |
| Kenny et al42: Ex + Hor + NuVM | / | NS | / | / | / |
| Tieland et al50: Ex + NuP + NuVM | / | NS | / | / | / |
| D: Falls | |||||
| Ng et al45: Ex + NuP + NuVM + Cog | NS | NS | / | NS | / |
| Tarazona-Santabalbina et al54: Ex + NuAd + NuVM | / | NS | / | / | / |
Notes: Values are (mean ± SD) or (median [10th–90th percentile]) unless otherwise indicated.
*
P<0.05;
***
P<0.001.
Abbreviations: FU, follow-up; SPPB, short physical performance test; PPT, physical performance test; Hor, hormone; Ex, exercise intervention; Cog, cognitive intervention; NuVM, nutritional supplementation of vitamins and minerals; NuP, nutritional supplementation of proteins; NuMF, nutritional supplementation of milk fat globule membrane; PS, psychosocial intervention; NS, no significant difference; /, not available; s, seconds; CI, 95% confidence interval; SD, standard deviation.