Fig. 7.

Schematic diagram showing the overall action of Withania somnifera extract in prostate cancer cell line (PC3) cells. Root extract was prepared from the roots of W. somnifera and administered to PC3, which is androgen-independent and p53-independent. W. somnifera extract (10 μg/mL) efficiently inhibits the expression of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), arrest cell cycle at G₂/M phase and initiates cell death via mitotic catastrophe process (delayed mitosis). This also releases lactate dehydrogenase upon cell membrane damage.