Table 1. Model inputs with years of publication for references.

Variable	Non-incarcerated heroin users		Incarcerated heroin users
	Model Input [ref]	Year of citation publication	Model input [ref]	Year of citation publication
Number of heroin users	808,000[18]	2015	200,000[9]	2007
Probability of use treatment	0.110[19]	2015	0.141[20]	2007
Cost of heroin use disorder treatment	$9,187.08[21]	2011	$9,187.08[21]	2011
Probability of HIV infection	0.070[22]	2015	0.310[23]	2015
Probability of HIV treatment	0.305[24]	2013	0.333[25]	2010
Cost of HIV treatment	$23,681.71[26]	2010	$23,681.71[26]	2010
Probability of having HCV given HIV+	0.800[27]	2014	0.700[28]	2005
Probability of having HCV given HIV-	0.769[29]	1996	0.657[30]	2005
Probability of HCV treatment	0.160[31]	2008	0.160[31]	2008
Cost of HCV treatment	$81,633.51[32]	2016	$81,633.51[32]	2016
Probability of HBV given only HIV+	0.071[33]	2003	0.082[34]	2009
Probability of HBV given only HCV+	0.081[35]	2010	0.013[34]	2009
Probability of HBV given HIV+ and HCV+	0.081[35]	2010	0.082[34]	2009
Probability of HBV given HIV- and HCV-	0.035[36]	2011	0.082[34]	2009
Probability of HBV treatment	0.140[37]	2014	0.140[37]	2014
Cost of HBV treatment	$28,817.62[38]	2004	$28,817.62[38]	2004
Probability of TB given HIV+	0.160[39]	2008	0.160[39]	2008
Probability of TB given no chronic infectious diseases	0.390[39]	2008	0.390[39]	2008
Probability of TB treatment	0.050[40, 41]	2009,2009	0.050[40, 41]	2009,2009
Cost of TB treatment	$545.15[42]	2009	$545.15[42]	2009
Probability of overdose death while on use treatment	0.0023[43]	2015	0.0023[43]	2015
Probability of overdose death while not on use treatment	0.0080[43]	2015	0.0080[43]	2015
Probability of experiencing overdose and living	0.339[44, 45]	2013,2009	0.339[44, 45]	2013, 2009
Cost to treat each overdose	$3369.71[44]	2013	$3369.71[44]	2013
Cost of crime committed by each user	$6795.77[21]	2011	N/A	N/A
Cost of incarceration	N/A	N/A	$30,656.20[46]	2015
Lost productivity by non-incarcerated users who live1	$4,910.53[21, 47]	2011, 2014	N/A	2011, 2014
Lost productivity by non-incarcerated users who die 1	$28,885.46[21, 47]	2011, 2014	N/A	N/A
Lost productivity by incarcerated users1	N/A	N/A	$28,885.46[21, 47]	2011, 2014
Probability of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome treatment	0.0148[48]	2015	0.0148[48]	2015
Cost of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome treatment	$68,856.48[49]	2015	$68,856.48[49]	2015
Cost of Heroin to User2	$19,004.32[50]	2014	N/A	N/A

¹The median salary was included in the model because an individual would be capable of such earnings if he/she did not have heroin use disorder; in effect, society loses these earnings as the individual is unable to work at the same capacity as a normal member of society

²The cost of heroin to the user is N/A for incarcerated users to reflect that although users may have access to heroin while incarcerated, they are unlikely to be using currency to obtain the heroin; thus, the cost of heroin to user is assumed as $0